1
00:00:00,366 --> 00:00:01,533
以自为洲

2
00:00:01,566 --> 00:00:04,366
佛陀在最后一段路上说了什么

3
00:00:04,566 --> 00:00:05,200
上一集

4
00:00:05,233 --> 00:00:07,700
我们讲了阿阇世王的故事

5
00:00:07,733 --> 00:00:08,666
弑父

6
00:00:08,666 --> 00:00:09,500
夺权

7
00:00:09,533 --> 00:00:11,566
然后走进竹林精舍

8
00:00:11,600 --> 00:00:14,400
去见那个他内心深处一直怕见的人

9
00:00:15,333 --> 00:00:16,400
佛陀没有拒绝他

10
00:00:17,233 --> 00:00:17,866
今天

11
00:00:17,866 --> 00:00:18,866
我们继续往前走

12
00:00:19,700 --> 00:00:20,266
哈喽

13
00:00:20,300 --> 00:00:21,100
大家好

14
00:00:21,100 --> 00:00:22,300
我是王利杰

15
00:00:22,533 --> 00:00:24,833
公元前483年左右

16
00:00:24,866 --> 00:00:26,133
印度中部

17
00:00:26,133 --> 00:00:28,466
一个八十岁的老人正在往北走

18
00:00:29,366 --> 00:00:30,400
确切年份

19
00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:31,266
学界有争议

20
00:00:31,966 --> 00:00:33,700
主要有两个流派

21
00:00:33,733 --> 00:00:35,033
一是长派

22
00:00:35,033 --> 00:00:38,266
认为他大约在公元前563年出生

23
00:00:38,266 --> 00:00:39,866
前483年入灭

24
00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:41,966
二是短派

25
00:00:41,966 --> 00:00:45,466
认为他大约在公元前480年出生

26
00:00:45,466 --> 00:00:46,633
前400年入灭

27
00:00:47,500 --> 00:00:51,333
巴利文传统和南传上座部沿用前者

28
00:00:51,366 --> 00:00:54,233
所以今天我们也以这个坐标为基准

29
00:00:54,666 --> 00:00:55,500
佛陀

30
00:00:55,700 --> 00:00:57,900
在公元前483年左右

31
00:00:57,900 --> 00:00:59,600
离开了这个世界

32
00:00:59,600 --> 00:01:00,900
享年八十岁

33
00:01:01,133 --> 00:01:02,633
他已经病了很多年

34
00:01:03,133 --> 00:01:04,433
身体越来越差

35
00:01:04,966 --> 00:01:06,466
但他没有停下来

36
00:01:06,466 --> 00:01:08,466
没有退回到王舍城

37
00:01:08,466 --> 00:01:12,600
没有待在那个方便就医、供养充足的大城市里等死

38
00:01:12,966 --> 00:01:14,366
他选择出发

39
00:01:14,366 --> 00:01:15,466
往北走

40
00:01:15,500 --> 00:01:16,800
去拘尸那罗

41
00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:19,333
一个当时已经相当没落的小城

42
00:01:19,900 --> 00:01:22,900
一个绝大多数人不会专门跑去的地方

43
00:01:23,133 --> 00:01:23,833
这段路

44
00:01:23,833 --> 00:01:25,133
大概三百多公里

45
00:01:25,566 --> 00:01:27,400
按他当时的身体状况

46
00:01:27,433 --> 00:01:28,866
走了将近三个月

47
00:01:29,366 --> 00:01:30,633
他一路在讲法

48
00:01:30,900 --> 00:01:32,233
今天要讲的内容

49
00:01:32,266 --> 00:01:35,833
主要来源于巴利文经典里的<大般涅槃大经>

50
00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:39,333
是巴利文<长部>里篇幅最长的一部经

51
00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:42,133
这部经的信息密度非常高

52
00:01:42,166 --> 00:01:44,533
记录了佛陀生命最后三个月里

53
00:01:44,533 --> 00:01:46,800
发生的几乎每一件重要的事

54
00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:49,866
我们先从出发之前的一个场景说起

55
00:01:50,266 --> 00:01:52,266
佛陀当时还在王舍城附近

56
00:01:53,100 --> 00:01:55,666
摩揭陀国的大臣禹舍来访

57
00:01:55,700 --> 00:01:57,833
带着国王阿阇世的一个问题

58
00:01:58,100 --> 00:02:01,600
阿阇世王打算攻打北边的跋耆共和国

59
00:02:01,900 --> 00:02:02,866
他想知道

60
00:02:02,866 --> 00:02:03,833
有没有胜算

61
00:02:04,466 --> 00:02:06,100
佛陀没有直接回答

62
00:02:06,300 --> 00:02:09,300
而是转头问了侍者阿难七个问题

63
00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:10,433
跋耆人

64
00:02:10,466 --> 00:02:12,566
还在定期召开全民集会吗

65
00:02:13,233 --> 00:02:14,233
他们的集会

66
00:02:14,233 --> 00:02:17,166
还是和气地开始、和气地结束的吗

67
00:02:17,333 --> 00:02:20,400
他们还在遵守祖先流传下来的法律吗

68
00:02:20,500 --> 00:02:23,666
他们还在尊重和听取年长长老的意见吗

69
00:02:23,800 --> 00:02:27,433
他们还没有开始用强迫的手段对待妇女的吗

70
00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:30,866
他们还在保护和供养境内的宗教圣地吗

71
00:02:31,633 --> 00:02:33,700
他们还在好好护持修行者

72
00:02:33,733 --> 00:02:35,900
让那些修行者得到支持的吗

73
00:02:36,533 --> 00:02:37,866
阿难一一回答

74
00:02:37,900 --> 00:02:38,700
是

75
00:02:38,700 --> 00:02:39,266
都是

76
00:02:39,933 --> 00:02:40,800
佛陀说

77
00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:43,300
只要跋耆人能做到这七件事

78
00:02:43,300 --> 00:02:45,300
他们就不会走向衰亡

79
00:02:45,533 --> 00:02:46,500
阿阇世

80
00:02:46,500 --> 00:02:47,466
攻不下他们

81
00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:49,700
禹舍临走前说了一句话

82
00:02:49,700 --> 00:02:50,933
我今天才明白

83
00:02:50,933 --> 00:02:52,900
为什么跋耆有这样的繁荣

84
00:02:53,233 --> 00:02:54,300
这个场景

85
00:02:54,300 --> 00:02:56,700
表面上是关于一场战争的判断

86
00:02:57,033 --> 00:02:58,333
但它真正的意图

87
00:02:58,333 --> 00:03:00,166
是为接下来的话做铺垫

88
00:03:00,533 --> 00:03:02,200
因为在禹舍离开之后

89
00:03:02,233 --> 00:03:04,266
佛陀立刻把弟子们叫来

90
00:03:04,266 --> 00:03:05,733
给僧团讲了七不退法

91
00:03:06,533 --> 00:03:07,266
他说

92
00:03:07,266 --> 00:03:08,133
比丘们

93
00:03:08,166 --> 00:03:10,266
只要你们能做到这七件事

94
00:03:10,266 --> 00:03:11,500
僧团就不会衰败

95
00:03:12,633 --> 00:03:13,433
第一

96
00:03:13,466 --> 00:03:14,633
定期聚会

97
00:03:14,633 --> 00:03:15,866
和气散会

98
00:03:15,900 --> 00:03:16,800
第二

99
00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,533
开会时不随意增减现有规定

100
00:03:19,533 --> 00:03:21,300
只按原有的轨则行事

101
00:03:21,500 --> 00:03:22,533
第三

102
00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:24,933
不废除长老们制定的规范

103
00:03:24,966 --> 00:03:26,633
不轻视他们的教导

104
00:03:26,633 --> 00:03:27,433
第四

105
00:03:27,433 --> 00:03:29,466
不被欲望和贪爱劫持

106
00:03:29,500 --> 00:03:31,500
不让私欲影响集体决策

107
00:03:31,766 --> 00:03:32,666
第五

108
00:03:32,866 --> 00:03:34,500
乐于安静和修行

109
00:03:34,533 --> 00:03:36,266
以独处为喜

110
00:03:36,266 --> 00:03:37,300
第六

111
00:03:37,333 --> 00:03:40,700
建立让新修行者能够得到依止的环境

112
00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:41,433
第七

113
00:03:41,433 --> 00:03:43,333
守护有道德的比丘

114
00:03:43,533 --> 00:03:45,566
使他们得到保护和供养

115
00:03:45,866 --> 00:03:46,766
你听完

116
00:03:46,800 --> 00:03:49,433
是不是觉得这些条件非常朴素

117
00:03:49,533 --> 00:03:50,000
是的

118
00:03:50,733 --> 00:03:53,600
佛陀在用跋耆共和国的健康指标

119
00:03:53,633 --> 00:03:57,233
映射出一个组织保持生命力需要的核心条件

120
00:03:57,633 --> 00:03:59,166
他在告诉弟子们

121
00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:00,833
一个组织的存续

122
00:04:00,866 --> 00:04:02,233
靠的是机制

123
00:04:02,233 --> 00:04:03,300
不是领袖

124
00:04:03,700 --> 00:04:05,700
这话不是随便说说的

125
00:04:05,833 --> 00:04:07,333
他当时八十岁

126
00:04:07,333 --> 00:04:09,300
生命已经在倒计时

127
00:04:09,633 --> 00:04:10,500
他知道

128
00:04:10,533 --> 00:04:12,666
这是最后的系列讲法了

129
00:04:12,966 --> 00:04:15,300
他在做最后一次制度预案

130
00:04:15,633 --> 00:04:17,166
离开王舍城

131
00:04:17,166 --> 00:04:18,233
往北走

132
00:04:18,333 --> 00:04:19,933
他们来到了毗舍离

133
00:04:19,933 --> 00:04:22,266
一座富庶的共和制城市

134
00:04:22,500 --> 00:04:25,733
这是佛陀最后一次在毗舍离停留

135
00:04:26,066 --> 00:04:27,233
有一个细节

136
00:04:27,266 --> 00:04:28,300
值得注意

137
00:04:28,633 --> 00:04:29,800
用完饭之后

138
00:04:29,833 --> 00:04:32,366
他走到一个叫供奉塔的地方

139
00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,233
用"象回顾"的姿势

140
00:04:34,233 --> 00:04:36,466
回望了毗舍离最后一眼

141
00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:37,666
象回顾

142
00:04:37,700 --> 00:04:42,133
是大象回头时整个身体一起转过来看的姿势

143
00:04:42,133 --> 00:04:44,400
不是人那种扭头一瞥

144
00:04:44,566 --> 00:04:48,533
它意味着一种非常完整、非常有意识的凝视

145
00:04:48,633 --> 00:04:50,200
不是随意回头

146
00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:53,133
是让整个身体都参与进来的告别

147
00:04:53,933 --> 00:04:55,433
阿难记录这个细节

148
00:04:55,466 --> 00:04:57,100
不是为了文学效果

149
00:04:57,133 --> 00:04:58,866
而是因为他当时就感觉到

150
00:04:58,900 --> 00:05:00,800
那不是一次普通的回望

151
00:05:01,166 --> 00:05:02,200
在毗舍离

152
00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:03,700
佛陀告诉弟子们

153
00:05:03,733 --> 00:05:04,766
三个月后

154
00:05:04,766 --> 00:05:06,266
我会在这里入灭

155
00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:07,233
说完

156
00:05:07,233 --> 00:05:09,733
他做了一件让弟子们意外的事

157
00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:11,366
他继续讲法

158
00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:14,133
而且讲的是非常实用的修行内容

159
00:05:14,666 --> 00:05:18,400
他在这段时间里反复强调了四念处

160
00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:23,600
就是观身、观受、观心、观法这四个修行的着力点

161
00:05:23,966 --> 00:05:24,800
他说

162
00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:25,733
比丘们

163
00:05:25,733 --> 00:05:27,933
这是通往解脱的唯一一条路

164
00:05:28,133 --> 00:05:28,933
唯一

165
00:05:29,433 --> 00:05:31,233
不是诸多路径之一

166
00:05:31,266 --> 00:05:32,366
而是唯一

167
00:05:32,500 --> 00:05:33,166
他说

168
00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:36,600
这是修行者清净身心、超越悲苦

169
00:05:36,833 --> 00:05:38,533
证得涅槃的直接道路

170
00:05:39,033 --> 00:05:39,933
你想想

171
00:05:39,933 --> 00:05:41,200
这个时间点

172
00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:43,866
他知道自己三个月后就要入灭

173
00:05:43,866 --> 00:05:45,566
但他讲的不是遗嘱

174
00:05:45,566 --> 00:05:47,600
不是对自己一生的总结

175
00:05:47,633 --> 00:05:49,566
不是什么纪念性演讲

176
00:05:49,566 --> 00:05:52,233
而是非常具体的修行方法论

177
00:05:52,266 --> 00:05:53,500
观身如身

178
00:05:53,533 --> 00:05:54,833
观受如受

179
00:05:54,833 --> 00:05:56,166
观心如心

180
00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:57,566
观法如法

181
00:05:58,133 --> 00:05:59,733
就好像一个外科医生

182
00:05:59,733 --> 00:06:01,733
知道自己明天要退休了

183
00:06:01,733 --> 00:06:04,500
但今天仍然在手术室里一边操刀

184
00:06:04,533 --> 00:06:07,066
一边教学生怎么切、怎么缝

185
00:06:07,466 --> 00:06:08,733
他的全部注意力

186
00:06:08,733 --> 00:06:10,366
不在自己身上

187
00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:11,800
在眼前的工作上

188
00:06:12,766 --> 00:06:13,400
然后

189
00:06:13,566 --> 00:06:14,466
他叫来了阿难

190
00:06:15,233 --> 00:06:17,633
阿难跟了佛陀大约二十五年

191
00:06:17,966 --> 00:06:19,933
是他晚年最近的侍者

192
00:06:20,300 --> 00:06:21,900
他的内心当然乱了

193
00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:23,200
他问

194
00:06:23,233 --> 00:06:24,100
世尊

195
00:06:24,100 --> 00:06:25,100
您走之后

196
00:06:25,100 --> 00:06:26,333
僧团怎么办

197
00:06:26,533 --> 00:06:28,133
谁来领导我们

198
00:06:28,233 --> 00:06:29,433
你有没有想过

199
00:06:29,433 --> 00:06:31,733
这个问题背后藏着什么

200
00:06:31,900 --> 00:06:34,200
阿难不是在问权力归属

201
00:06:34,200 --> 00:06:35,333
他是在问

202
00:06:35,333 --> 00:06:36,433
我失去了你

203
00:06:36,466 --> 00:06:38,133
我去哪里找方向

204
00:06:38,266 --> 00:06:40,333
一个跟随了二十五年的人

205
00:06:40,333 --> 00:06:42,666
在最信赖的那个人即将离开时

206
00:06:43,033 --> 00:06:45,266
发出的那种根本性的茫然

207
00:06:45,766 --> 00:06:46,800
佛陀的回答

208
00:06:46,833 --> 00:06:48,666
成为了整个佛教史上

209
00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:51,533
在制度设计层面最重要的一句话

210
00:06:51,933 --> 00:06:52,766
阿难

211
00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:54,000
以自为洲

212
00:06:54,033 --> 00:06:55,233
以法为洲

213
00:06:55,500 --> 00:06:57,066
莫以他处为洲

214
00:06:57,366 --> 00:06:58,566
以自为依

215
00:06:58,566 --> 00:06:59,900
以法为依

216
00:06:59,933 --> 00:07:01,366
莫以他处为依

217
00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:03,433
你第一次读这句话的时候

218
00:07:03,433 --> 00:07:05,700
有没有感到一种微微的孤独

219
00:07:05,866 --> 00:07:06,533
我有

220
00:07:06,666 --> 00:07:08,200
这句话有几个层次

221
00:07:08,566 --> 00:07:09,466
第一层

222
00:07:09,466 --> 00:07:10,866
最直接的意思是

223
00:07:10,900 --> 00:07:14,333
你不需要找一个外部的权威来告诉你该怎么做

224
00:07:14,566 --> 00:07:16,266
你自己内在的修行

225
00:07:16,300 --> 00:07:17,333
和法本身

226
00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:18,733
就是你的依靠

227
00:07:18,833 --> 00:07:19,833
第二层

228
00:07:19,833 --> 00:07:21,933
这是一个关于制度的决定

229
00:07:22,133 --> 00:07:23,133
佛陀在这里

230
00:07:23,166 --> 00:07:25,433
明确地拒绝指定继承人

231
00:07:25,733 --> 00:07:26,833
他把权威

232
00:07:26,833 --> 00:07:29,400
分散给了"法"这个抽象的概念

233
00:07:29,433 --> 00:07:31,466
而不是任何一个具体的人

234
00:07:31,833 --> 00:07:32,966
第三层

235
00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:34,866
这个决定的历史影响

236
00:07:34,866 --> 00:07:36,300
大得难以估量

237
00:07:36,533 --> 00:07:38,133
正是因为这句话

238
00:07:38,166 --> 00:07:39,900
佛教从一开始

239
00:07:39,900 --> 00:07:41,233
就没有教皇

240
00:07:41,266 --> 00:07:44,466
没有唯一合法的权威继承人这种结构

241
00:07:44,733 --> 00:07:46,333
任何人都不能说

242
00:07:46,366 --> 00:07:49,966
我才是被认证的、唯一正宗的佛陀传人

243
00:07:50,333 --> 00:07:51,500
每一个修行者

244
00:07:51,533 --> 00:07:54,033
都要以自己的修行为依托

245
00:07:54,033 --> 00:07:55,600
以法为依托

246
00:07:55,866 --> 00:07:56,866
这个设计

247
00:07:56,866 --> 00:07:59,500
创造出了佛教难以置信的多样性

248
00:07:59,733 --> 00:08:02,700
南传保留了接近原始的巴利文传统

249
00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:06,333
汉传在跟中国文化碰撞之后

250
00:08:06,366 --> 00:08:09,800
长出了禅宗、净土宗、华严宗

251
00:08:10,233 --> 00:08:13,266
密宗走向了完全不同的修行路径

252
00:08:13,766 --> 00:08:15,466
但同样因为这个设计

253
00:08:15,700 --> 00:08:18,100
佛教也失去了统一的裁判

254
00:08:18,533 --> 00:08:20,033
两千五百年来

255
00:08:20,233 --> 00:08:23,800
各宗各派互相否定、各称正宗

256
00:08:24,066 --> 00:08:26,966
南传说自己保留了出厂设置

257
00:08:26,966 --> 00:08:29,800
汉传说自己有最深的般若

258
00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:32,333
密宗说自己有最高的证量

259
00:08:32,833 --> 00:08:34,966
他们说的不是同一种语言

260
00:08:35,266 --> 00:08:37,100
解决的不是同一个问题

261
00:08:37,633 --> 00:08:38,500
这一切

262
00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:41,633
都可以追溯到毗舍离的这一句话

263
00:08:42,066 --> 00:08:44,500
你认为这是一个天才的设计

264
00:08:44,500 --> 00:08:47,266
还是一个让后世无尽争议的潘多拉魔盒

265
00:08:47,866 --> 00:08:49,433
我想给你做一个比较

266
00:08:49,733 --> 00:08:52,066
人类几个主要宗教传统里

267
00:08:52,066 --> 00:08:55,400
不同的继承人制度产生了截然不同的命运

268
00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,533
基督教后来建立了教皇制度

269
00:08:58,566 --> 00:09:00,800
有了一个单一的最高权威

270
00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:02,966
所以也出现了宗教改革

271
00:09:02,966 --> 00:09:04,166
出现了各派对

272
00:09:04,166 --> 00:09:07,533
"谁才是上帝在地上的代理人"的激烈争夺

273
00:09:08,466 --> 00:09:10,900
伊斯兰教在穆罕默德去世后

274
00:09:10,900 --> 00:09:13,066
第一件事就是争继承人

275
00:09:13,566 --> 00:09:17,433
这场争论造成了逊尼派和什叶派的分裂

276
00:09:17,466 --> 00:09:20,233
这个分裂到今天还在流血

277
00:09:20,566 --> 00:09:21,266
佛教

278
00:09:21,466 --> 00:09:23,233
因为那一句"以自为洲

279
00:09:23,333 --> 00:09:24,666
以法为洲"

280
00:09:24,700 --> 00:09:26,366
走了一条非常独特的路

281
00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:28,133
没有教皇

282
00:09:28,166 --> 00:09:30,633
但也没有能够统一佛教的权威

283
00:09:30,866 --> 00:09:32,966
它生出了最丰富的多样性

284
00:09:33,233 --> 00:09:35,333
也付出了无法整合的代价

285
00:09:36,300 --> 00:09:37,166
这个比较

286
00:09:37,233 --> 00:09:38,533
没有标准答案

287
00:09:38,566 --> 00:09:40,100
但它帮助你理解

288
00:09:40,133 --> 00:09:41,766
那一句话背后的重量

289
00:09:42,033 --> 00:09:43,333
我们继续往北走

290
00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:45,200
从毗舍离出发

291
00:09:45,400 --> 00:09:47,033
他们来到了帕瓦村

292
00:09:47,533 --> 00:09:48,266
在那里

293
00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:50,000
一个叫淳陀的铁匠

294
00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:51,833
供养了佛陀一顿饭

295
00:09:52,233 --> 00:09:53,800
关于那顿饭的内容

296
00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:56,633
巴利文经典记载的是"栴檀耳"

297
00:09:56,633 --> 00:09:59,066
英文学界的解释分成两派

298
00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:01,800
一派认为是一种蘑菇

299
00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:03,333
一派认为是猪肉

300
00:10:03,666 --> 00:10:04,600
具体是什么

301
00:10:04,633 --> 00:10:06,366
今天已经无从确认

302
00:10:06,966 --> 00:10:08,100
佛陀吃完之后

303
00:10:08,233 --> 00:10:09,300
严重腹泻

304
00:10:09,433 --> 00:10:10,433
剧烈疼痛

305
00:10:10,500 --> 00:10:11,300
血如泉涌

306
00:10:12,300 --> 00:10:14,533
他仍然往拘尸那罗方向走

307
00:10:14,900 --> 00:10:15,566
路上

308
00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:16,966
他吩咐阿难

309
00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:19,133
去帮我转告淳陀一句话

310
00:10:19,166 --> 00:10:20,000
告诉他

311
00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:22,333
不要因为这件事感到内疚

312
00:10:22,866 --> 00:10:23,700
历史上

313
00:10:23,733 --> 00:10:25,633
有两顿饭具有同等分量

314
00:10:26,333 --> 00:10:27,200
第一顿

315
00:10:27,233 --> 00:10:28,633
是我成道之前

316
00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:31,366
那一顿让我恢复体力的供养

317
00:10:31,933 --> 00:10:32,766
第二顿

318
00:10:32,766 --> 00:10:34,700
就是今天淳陀的这顿

319
00:10:35,233 --> 00:10:38,500
它们在我生命历程里占据了等重的位置

320
00:10:38,866 --> 00:10:39,900
功德相同

321
00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:40,966
你停下来想一想

322
00:10:41,500 --> 00:10:44,866
一个正在剧烈腹痛、随时可能倒下的老人

323
00:10:44,866 --> 00:10:46,133
用最后一点力气

324
00:10:46,300 --> 00:10:48,966
安排人去告诉供养他的普通铁匠

325
00:10:48,966 --> 00:10:50,000
不要内疚

326
00:10:50,366 --> 00:10:51,466
他的注意力

327
00:10:51,500 --> 00:10:52,533
在这个时刻

328
00:10:52,566 --> 00:10:53,900
不在自己身上

329
00:10:54,466 --> 00:10:56,133
这不是一种道德表演

330
00:10:56,300 --> 00:10:58,666
这是一种内在状态的自然流露

331
00:10:58,933 --> 00:11:00,666
他们到达了拘尸那罗

332
00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:02,133
这座城市

333
00:11:02,166 --> 00:11:06,000
在历史上没有王舍城、舍卫城那样的名气

334
00:11:06,166 --> 00:11:09,466
它当时已经是一座相当没落的小城

335
00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:11,400
有弟子问过佛陀

336
00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:13,166
为什么要在这里入灭

337
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:15,133
为什么不在大城市里

338
00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:16,200
他的回答

339
00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:17,233
我先不说

340
00:11:17,266 --> 00:11:18,766
留给你自己去想

341
00:11:19,200 --> 00:11:20,233
到了之后

342
00:11:20,233 --> 00:11:23,800
佛陀让阿难在两棵娑罗树之间铺好床

343
00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:25,200
头朝北

344
00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:26,166
右侧卧

345
00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:27,000
面朝西方

346
00:11:27,966 --> 00:11:29,733
娑罗树感应到了什么

347
00:11:29,733 --> 00:11:31,933
为他开出季节之外的花

348
00:11:31,966 --> 00:11:33,833
把花撒在他身上

349
00:11:34,100 --> 00:11:35,300
就在这个时候

350
00:11:35,300 --> 00:11:37,733
来了一个年迈的游方修行者

351
00:11:37,733 --> 00:11:39,133
叫须跋陀

352
00:11:39,933 --> 00:11:41,466
他游学了大半辈子

353
00:11:41,500 --> 00:11:43,033
见过很多导师

354
00:11:43,033 --> 00:11:45,666
始终没有找到真正让他满意的答案

355
00:11:46,066 --> 00:11:47,666
听说有人快要入灭了

356
00:11:47,666 --> 00:11:48,766
他赶来求见

357
00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:50,433
阿难想拦他

358
00:11:50,566 --> 00:11:51,600
阿难说

359
00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:53,000
世尊很虚弱了

360
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:54,400
你就别去打扰了

361
00:11:54,966 --> 00:11:56,600
佛陀从床上听见了

362
00:11:56,666 --> 00:11:57,366
说

363
00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:58,066
阿难

364
00:11:58,100 --> 00:11:59,000
让他进来

365
00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:00,700
须跋陀坐下

366
00:12:00,900 --> 00:12:03,233
问了他心里一个藏了很久的问题

367
00:12:03,733 --> 00:12:04,733
他说

368
00:12:04,733 --> 00:12:07,300
当时有很多著名的修行导师

369
00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:10,466
他们各自声称证得了最高的境界

370
00:12:10,500 --> 00:12:12,266
但他们说的都不一样

371
00:12:12,533 --> 00:12:14,666
到底谁的说法是真实的

372
00:12:15,333 --> 00:12:17,166
佛陀没有评价那些人

373
00:12:17,166 --> 00:12:18,666
他只说了一句话

374
00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:20,333
须跋陀

375
00:12:20,533 --> 00:12:22,100
任何修行体系

376
00:12:22,100 --> 00:12:24,200
如果八正道不在其中

377
00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:26,966
就不会有真正意义上的修行成果

378
00:12:27,666 --> 00:12:28,333
然后

379
00:12:28,333 --> 00:12:30,433
他给须跋陀讲了八正道

380
00:12:30,966 --> 00:12:32,966
须跋陀当场出家

381
00:12:32,966 --> 00:12:35,933
成为佛陀一生中最后一个亲传弟子

382
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:37,633
我每次读到这一段

383
00:12:37,633 --> 00:12:38,833
都会停一下

384
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:40,700
他正处于剧烈的病痛里

385
00:12:40,966 --> 00:12:42,666
随时可能离世

386
00:12:42,666 --> 00:12:44,400
偏偏这时候有人来敲门

387
00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:46,000
阿难想挡

388
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:46,866
他说

389
00:12:46,866 --> 00:12:47,700
放他进来

390
00:12:48,066 --> 00:12:50,466
然后耐心地给这个陌生人讲了法

391
00:12:50,700 --> 00:12:51,666
看着他出家

392
00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:53,533
慈悲这个词

393
00:12:53,533 --> 00:12:54,800
我觉得太轻了

394
00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:58,933
这是一种把自己忘掉之后才可能有的状态

395
00:12:59,666 --> 00:13:00,900
就在这前后

396
00:13:00,900 --> 00:13:03,500
发生了另一件让我很动容的事

397
00:13:03,766 --> 00:13:05,133
阿难走到一边

398
00:13:05,166 --> 00:13:06,166
靠着门框

399
00:13:06,166 --> 00:13:07,133
低头哭了

400
00:13:07,433 --> 00:13:08,866
他在哭什么

401
00:13:08,966 --> 00:13:10,066
他后来说

402
00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:11,766
我这辈子还没有修成

403
00:13:11,766 --> 00:13:13,600
我的导师就要入灭了

404
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:14,800
他对我这么好

405
00:13:14,833 --> 00:13:16,533
而我还没有能够证道

406
00:13:16,933 --> 00:13:18,866
佛陀发现阿难不见了

407
00:13:18,900 --> 00:13:20,066
让人去找

408
00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:21,000
找到之后

409
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,133
把他叫进来

410
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:23,233
他说

411
00:13:23,266 --> 00:13:23,900
阿难

412
00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:24,666
不要哭

413
00:13:24,700 --> 00:13:25,633
不要悲伤

414
00:13:25,966 --> 00:13:27,900
我不是早就告诉过你了吗

415
00:13:27,900 --> 00:13:29,900
一切亲爱的、美好的东西

416
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:31,233
都终将分离

417
00:13:31,233 --> 00:13:32,700
这是无常的本质

418
00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:34,233
我快走了

419
00:13:34,233 --> 00:13:35,566
但我想告诉你

420
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:37,033
在我所有的侍者里

421
00:13:37,066 --> 00:13:39,400
你是最善良、最体贴的一个

422
00:13:39,766 --> 00:13:40,533
阿难

423
00:13:40,566 --> 00:13:42,233
你修行的时间还长

424
00:13:42,233 --> 00:13:43,233
继续精进

425
00:13:43,233 --> 00:13:45,100
你很快就会证道的

426
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:46,233
然后

427
00:13:46,266 --> 00:13:48,166
佛陀对其他弟子说

428
00:13:48,166 --> 00:13:49,633
你们知道吗

429
00:13:49,666 --> 00:13:52,233
历史上凡是出了佛陀的时代

430
00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:54,333
都有一个这样的侍者

431
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:56,100
就像今天的阿难这样

432
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:58,633
阿难是一个非常难得的人

433
00:13:59,166 --> 00:14:00,166
这段记载

434
00:14:00,166 --> 00:14:01,200
我每次读

435
00:14:01,233 --> 00:14:02,833
都觉得很心疼

436
00:14:02,833 --> 00:14:03,900
也很温暖

437
00:14:04,066 --> 00:14:05,833
一个人正在死去

438
00:14:05,833 --> 00:14:07,466
在他最后的时光里

439
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:09,700
他看见旁边的人在哭

440
00:14:09,733 --> 00:14:11,366
他主动去找这个人

441
00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:12,600
安慰他

442
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:13,700
肯定他

443
00:14:13,733 --> 00:14:14,733
告诉他

444
00:14:14,733 --> 00:14:15,766
你很好

445
00:14:15,766 --> 00:14:16,966
你会成的

446
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:18,533
他的死

447
00:14:18,566 --> 00:14:20,066
甚至是有温度的

448
00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:21,333
最后

449
00:14:21,333 --> 00:14:22,966
佛陀进入了禅定

450
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:25,033
从第一禅定进入

451
00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:27,066
一层一层往深处走

452
00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:28,200
第二禅定

453
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:29,333
第三禅定

454
00:14:29,333 --> 00:14:30,633
第四禅定

455
00:14:30,666 --> 00:14:34,066
然后继续往更深的无形界定境前进

456
00:14:34,433 --> 00:14:35,933
阿难站在旁边

457
00:14:35,933 --> 00:14:37,700
以为他在最深处入灭了

458
00:14:38,333 --> 00:14:40,500
但精通禅定的阿那律说

459
00:14:40,533 --> 00:14:41,200
还没有

460
00:14:41,233 --> 00:14:42,366
世尊还在

461
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,200
他只是到达了受想灭尽定

462
00:14:45,366 --> 00:14:46,366
还没有入灭

463
00:14:46,833 --> 00:14:47,600
然后

464
00:14:47,666 --> 00:14:49,533
佛陀从最深处往回走

465
00:14:50,166 --> 00:14:51,800
一层一层退出

466
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:53,800
经过无形界的各个层次

467
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:56,133
重新回到第四禅定

468
00:14:56,166 --> 00:14:57,400
第三禅定

469
00:14:57,400 --> 00:14:58,566
第二禅定

470
00:14:58,566 --> 00:14:59,833
第一禅定

471
00:14:59,866 --> 00:15:01,966
然后再往深处走一次

472
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:03,533
回到第四禅定

473
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:05,933
在第四禅定中

474
00:15:05,966 --> 00:15:06,700
他入灭

475
00:15:07,100 --> 00:15:08,233
在场的弟子们

476
00:15:08,233 --> 00:15:09,866
后来背诵了一偈

477
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:11,033
诸行无常

478
00:15:11,066 --> 00:15:12,133
是生灭法

479
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:13,800
生灭灭已

480
00:15:13,800 --> 00:15:14,733
寂灭为乐

481
00:15:15,066 --> 00:15:16,000
这偈子

482
00:15:16,033 --> 00:15:19,466
从此和这个场景永远绑在了一起

483
00:15:20,300 --> 00:15:22,900
他没有留下任何关于他去了哪里的描述

484
00:15:23,533 --> 00:15:25,966
他没有说等你们在某个彼岸相见

485
00:15:26,733 --> 00:15:30,766
他也没有留下任何一个能代替他做最终裁判的人

486
00:15:31,566 --> 00:15:33,166
他留下的最后一句话

487
00:15:33,166 --> 00:15:35,733
是在入定之前对弟子们说的

488
00:15:35,733 --> 00:15:36,900
一切有为法

489
00:15:37,066 --> 00:15:38,166
都是无常的

490
00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:40,433
请用不放逸的精进

491
00:15:40,466 --> 00:15:41,966
完成你自己的解脱事业

492
00:15:42,566 --> 00:15:43,366
这句话

493
00:15:43,566 --> 00:15:46,566
和他在毗舍离说的那句"以自为洲

494
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:47,866
以法为洲"

495
00:15:47,866 --> 00:15:50,800
构成了他生命最后阶段的两个支撑点

496
00:15:50,966 --> 00:15:52,600
一个是制度层面的

497
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:54,000
不要找外部权威

498
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:55,366
法是依靠

499
00:15:56,066 --> 00:15:57,733
一个是修行层面的

500
00:15:57,733 --> 00:15:58,966
不要依赖任何人

501
00:15:59,133 --> 00:16:00,466
精进是你自己的事

502
00:16:01,233 --> 00:16:02,566
两句话放在一起

503
00:16:02,833 --> 00:16:05,100
就是他整个教法的最后核心

504
00:16:05,366 --> 00:16:06,300
觉悟

505
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:07,800
是你自己的事

506
00:16:07,833 --> 00:16:09,266
谁都代替不了你

507
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:12,933
没有任何人的加持可以让你绕过你自己的修行

508
00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:14,600
两千五百年过去了

509
00:16:14,766 --> 00:16:16,300
这两句话依然尖锐

510
00:16:16,533 --> 00:16:17,266
甚至

511
00:16:17,466 --> 00:16:21,666
在一个充满高维老师、觉悟认证、能量传递的时代

512
00:16:21,933 --> 00:16:24,233
它们比任何时候都更刺耳

513
00:16:24,366 --> 00:16:25,466
因为它们在说

514
00:16:25,466 --> 00:16:26,266
没有捷径

515
00:16:26,266 --> 00:16:27,266
没有代劳

516
00:16:27,266 --> 00:16:29,266
没有别人能替你走的路

517
00:16:29,733 --> 00:16:30,333
当然

518
00:16:30,466 --> 00:16:33,566
他的入灭也留下了一个非常巨大的悬念

519
00:16:33,866 --> 00:16:34,933
他走了之后

520
00:16:34,933 --> 00:16:36,433
这些弟子们怎么办

521
00:16:36,533 --> 00:16:37,666
阿难那个夜晚

522
00:16:37,700 --> 00:16:39,133
究竟经历了什么

523
00:16:39,266 --> 00:16:41,100
大迦叶做了什么决定

524
00:16:41,166 --> 00:16:43,900
他们第一次把所有弟子聚集起来

525
00:16:43,933 --> 00:16:46,200
那不是一场和谐的学术会议

526
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,600
而是一场充满张力、充满博弈的大集结

527
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:51,500
谁背诵的经文算数

528
00:16:51,900 --> 00:16:54,100
阿难记的和大迦叶记的

529
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:55,266
能对上吗

530
00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:56,633
这一次结集

531
00:16:56,666 --> 00:17:00,433
从根本上塑造了此后两千五百年的佛教面貌

532
00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:03,433
那是我们下一集要走进去的地方

533
00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:05,266
今天这集讲到这里

534
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:06,700
我想问你一个问题

535
00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:09,066
以自为洲这四个字

536
00:17:09,366 --> 00:17:10,333
佛陀的意思

537
00:17:10,333 --> 00:17:13,166
是要每个人依靠自己内在的修行

538
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:14,433
但在今天

539
00:17:14,466 --> 00:17:15,766
我们怎么区分

540
00:17:15,766 --> 00:17:17,333
以自为洲的清醒

541
00:17:17,333 --> 00:17:19,133
和以自我为洲的傲慢

542
00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:22,200
前者是一种精进的自立

543
00:17:22,533 --> 00:17:25,833
后者是一种拒绝被纠正的自我封闭

544
00:17:26,333 --> 00:17:27,900
这两者之间的边界

545
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:29,233
你怎么划

546
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:31,933
欢迎在评论区告诉我你的看法

547
00:17:32,333 --> 00:17:33,300
我是王利杰

548
00:17:33,466 --> 00:17:34,666
我们下期见