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三国演义 三位英雄

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困在同一个字里

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长坂坡

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赵云从曹军里拼杀出来

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满身是血

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怀里抱着一个婴儿

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他跪在刘备面前

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把孩子递上去

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刘备接过来看了一眼

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抬手就把自己的亲生骨肉往地上一摔

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这一摔

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在中国文学史上被讨论了几百年

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有人说这是刘备的仁义

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有人说这是刘备的权术

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但很少有人注意到一件更奇怪的事

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诸葛亮和曹操身上

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各自也有一摔

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三个人三种摔法

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摔掉的东西不一样

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但摔的理由是同一个

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我读了很多遍三国演义

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年轻时没想明白这个问题

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这两年突然想明白了

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而且一想明白就后背发凉

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他们三个人斗了一辈子

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到最后没有一个人赢

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刘备临终前躺在白帝城

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一个建了蜀国的人

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死得比流浪汉还狼狈

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诸葛亮五十四岁累死在五丈原

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曹操活到六十六

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演义里写他死前还在安排设疑冢

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怕别人找到自己的坟

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三条路

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三种活法

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全部走进了同一个死胡同

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今天我想用一个很少有人用过的角度

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重新看看这三个人到底被什么困住了

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哈喽

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大家好

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我是王利杰

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先把刘备摔阿斗这件事讲清楚

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赵云在百万军中舍命救出阿斗

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浑身上下好几处刀伤

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他跪在地上

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双手把孩子托过头顶

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刘备接过来看了看

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一把摔在地上

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说了一句话

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为汝这孺子

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几损我一员大将

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这个动作到底在做什么

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你仔细想想

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当着全军的面摔自己的亲生儿子

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这不是父爱

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这是表演

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他在做给谁看

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做给赵云看

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做给所有将士看

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做给天下人看

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他要所有人知道

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在刘备心里

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兄弟比儿子重要

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大义比血脉重要

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可是

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如果仁义是发自内心的

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不需要证明

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你真的心疼一个人

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你自己知道就行了

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不需要在大庭广众之下演一出戏

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只有当仁义不仅仅是你的感受

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而且成了你的身份 你的招牌 你这辈子全部的筹码

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你才需要不断向全世界证明它

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刘备这辈子

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半壁江山都是靠仁义这面旗打下来的

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他编草鞋起家

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论打仗远不如曹操

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论谋略远不如诸葛亮

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可有一样东西谁也比不过他

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就是仁义

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仁义就是他的命

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你把仁义从刘备身上拿走

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他什么都不是

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所以他不能有一刻不仁义

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哪怕摔自己的孩子

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也要让全军看到

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在刘备这里

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大义永远排在血脉前面

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他摔的不是阿斗

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他摔的是任何人对他仁义的怀疑

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白帝城托孤更说明问题

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刘备临终前对诸葛亮说了一句千古名言

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如其不才

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君可自为成都之主

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意思是

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如果我儿子不成器

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你可以自己做成都的主人

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这句话一出口

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诸葛亮跪在地上叩头叩到流血

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发誓竭尽全力

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以死相报

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你说刘备真的希望诸葛亮取而代之吗

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当然不是

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这句话的效果是反着来的

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正因为他说了你可以取

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诸葛亮这辈子就再也不会取了

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一句话

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把一个聪明绝顶的人锁了一辈子

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仁义到了这个份上

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它已经不是美德了

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它是一把看不见的锁

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再说诸葛亮

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诸葛亮的标签是智

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运筹帷幄

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决胜千里

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但我越读越觉得

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他最大的问题不是不够聪明

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恰恰是太聪明了

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他太相信自己的判断

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太害怕任何事情脱离自己的控制

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有一个细节特别能说明问题

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蜀国后期

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诸葛亮事必躬亲

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史书记载

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军中杖罚二十以上的小事

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他都要亲自过问

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一个国家的丞相

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为什么连打二十板子的事都不肯放手

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因为放手意味着失控

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失控意味着结果不在他的预测里面

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他不是不信任别人

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他是不能忍受事情不由我来计算这个局面

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运筹帷幄这四个字

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你翻过来看

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它的反面是什么

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是对失控的恐惧

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诸葛亮一辈子的聪明

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不是用来享受生活的

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是用来对抗不确定性的

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每一个计谋

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每一次排兵布阵

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都是他在告诉自己

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我还掌控着局面

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一旦局面不在掌控中

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他就不是诸葛亮了

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演义里写的六出祁山

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是这个模式的极致

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蜀国国力远不如魏国

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北伐成功率极低

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他自己心里清楚

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可他还是一次 两次 三次

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四次 五次 六次地出兵

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为什么

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因为如果不出兵

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他就不再是那个兴复汉室的诸葛孔明了

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出兵不一定能赢

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但不出兵

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他的身份就塌了

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他不是在打仗

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他是在维护一个关于自己的定义

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最后他五十四岁病死在五丈原

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累死的

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这个累死不是比喻

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是事实

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他把全部的生命力灌注进了一个身份

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我是那个能用智慧拯救一切的人

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当这个身份需要他燃尽自己来维持的时候

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他没有犹豫

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鞠躬尽瘁死而后已

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这八个字不只是忠诚

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更是一个完美的自我牺牲剧本

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他按着剧本走到了最后一个字

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再说曹操

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曹操说过一句被引用了上千年的话

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宁教我负天下人

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休教天下人负我

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你注意这句话的结构

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一个普通人做了亏心事

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不会把自己的原则讲出来

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只有一个把权力当成身份的人

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才需要公开宣布自己的逻辑

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这不是认错

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这是宣誓

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他在告诉全世界

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我就是这样的人

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我不打算改

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还有一个场景

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曹操白天午睡

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被子掉在了地上

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一个近侍赶忙过来替他盖好

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他突然跳起来拔剑把人杀了

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然后他又上床继续睡

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过了好一会儿才起来

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假装吃惊地问

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谁杀了我的近侍

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别人告诉他是他自己杀的

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他痛哭了一场

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厚葬了那个人

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你注意看这个顺序

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杀了人

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不慌不忙又躺回去睡了一觉

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过了半天才起来演吃惊

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一个真在梦中误杀的人

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不会是这个反应

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他真的心疼那个近侍吗

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也许

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但他同时需要所有人知道一件事

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曹操睡着了也是危险的

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不要靠近

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他这辈子活在一种防御姿态里

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从来没有一天是放松的

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疑心到了什么程度

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他连做梦都在防人

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一个人如果每时每刻都觉得别人在算计自己

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那他每时每刻都在算计别人

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这不是权力带来的快感

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这是权力带来的牢笼

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他赢了天下

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但从来没有一刻赢过自己心里

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那台永不停机的恐惧发动机

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你再看三个人的结局

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更有意思

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刘备因为关羽被杀

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一意孤行要替兄弟报仇

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结果夷陵之战大败

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把蜀国的家底输了个干净

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他不是被敌人打败的

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是被自己的仁义拖垮的

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仁义不允许他不报仇

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所以明知道不该打

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他也必须打

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诸葛亮呢

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他不是被魏国打败的

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是被自己的控制欲耗干的

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每件事都要亲自管

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管到最后身体扛不住了

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曹操赢了无数场仗

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可他的疑心让他错杀了不少不该杀的人

239
00:08:02,633 --> 00:08:06,845
赤壁之战中计也跟他这种谁都不信的性格有关系

240
00:08:07,393 --> 00:08:08,145
三种执着

241
00:08:08,472 --> 00:08:10,285
三种自我毁灭的方式

242
00:08:10,593 --> 00:08:11,511
种子不同

243
00:08:11,513 --> 00:08:14,460
长出来的苦果却是同一种味道

244
00:08:14,688 --> 00:08:14,881
好

245
00:08:15,328 --> 00:08:16,741
三个人都看完了

246
00:08:17,088 --> 00:08:18,080
你发现什么没有

247
00:08:18,807 --> 00:08:20,480
刘备被仁义绑着

248
00:08:20,888 --> 00:08:22,821
诸葛亮被智谋绑着

249
00:08:22,888 --> 00:08:24,660
曹操被权力绑着

250
00:08:25,008 --> 00:08:25,886
表面看

251
00:08:25,888 --> 00:08:28,381
这三个人追求的东西完全不同

252
00:08:28,648 --> 00:08:29,640
一个要当好人

253
00:08:29,967 --> 00:08:31,326
一个要当聪明人

254
00:08:31,328 --> 00:08:33,020
一个要当最强的人

255
00:08:33,328 --> 00:08:34,780
但你把外壳剥掉

256
00:08:34,888 --> 00:08:36,441
里面的结构一模一样

257
00:08:36,967 --> 00:08:40,060
每个人都把一个标签焊死在了自己身上

258
00:08:40,127 --> 00:08:43,180
然后花一辈子的精力去维护这个标签

259
00:08:43,367 --> 00:08:43,881
到最后

260
00:08:44,247 --> 00:08:45,926
人是为标签活的

261
00:08:45,928 --> 00:08:47,677
不是为自己活的

262
00:08:47,984 --> 00:08:49,543
佛学里有一个概念

263
00:08:49,545 --> 00:08:51,344
专门说的就是这件事

264
00:08:51,344 --> 00:08:52,557
叫末那识

265
00:08:52,905 --> 00:08:54,383
这个词听着陌生

266
00:08:54,384 --> 00:08:56,557
但它做的事你一定熟悉

267
00:08:56,864 --> 00:08:58,958
末那识就是你心里那个

268
00:08:58,984 --> 00:09:02,037
时时刻刻在抓着一个我不放的力量

269
00:09:02,384 --> 00:09:03,537
它不是偶尔出现

270
00:09:03,864 --> 00:09:05,677
它二十四小时在线

271
00:09:05,705 --> 00:09:07,758
你睡着了它还在运转

272
00:09:07,984 --> 00:09:09,537
它的工作只有一件事

273
00:09:09,984 --> 00:09:12,277
维护我是谁这个定义

274
00:09:12,665 --> 00:09:14,998
刘备的末那识抓住了仁义

275
00:09:15,344 --> 00:09:17,557
诸葛亮的末那识抓住了智

276
00:09:18,065 --> 00:09:20,238
曹操的末那识抓住了权

277
00:09:20,825 --> 00:09:21,697
三个不同的词

278
00:09:22,024 --> 00:09:23,538
同一个抓的动作

279
00:09:24,085 --> 00:09:26,459
佛学管这个动作叫我执

280
00:09:26,686 --> 00:09:28,219
执就是不松手

281
00:09:28,406 --> 00:09:29,319
你可以执善

282
00:09:29,646 --> 00:09:30,398
可以执智

283
00:09:30,766 --> 00:09:31,939
也可以执恶

284
00:09:32,166 --> 00:09:33,898
但不管你执的是什么

285
00:09:33,926 --> 00:09:36,699
那个执的动作本身是同一种力量

286
00:09:37,085 --> 00:09:39,699
这就是末那识最高级的伪装

287
00:09:40,006 --> 00:09:42,018
它不是让你去做坏事

288
00:09:42,245 --> 00:09:44,124
它是给你一件漂亮的衣服

289
00:09:44,125 --> 00:09:45,859
让你觉得这就是我

290
00:09:45,926 --> 00:09:48,018
然后你就再也脱不下来了

291
00:09:48,526 --> 00:09:50,359
刘备那件衣服叫仁义

292
00:09:50,646 --> 00:09:51,618
很体面

293
00:09:51,965 --> 00:09:53,878
诸葛亮那件叫鞠躬尽瘁

294
00:09:54,085 --> 00:09:54,939
很感人

295
00:09:55,325 --> 00:09:57,199
曹操那件叫雄才大略

296
00:09:57,445 --> 00:09:58,459
很霸气

297
00:09:58,686 --> 00:10:00,099
但衣服不是问题

298
00:10:00,365 --> 00:10:03,562
问题是你以为自己就是那件衣服

299
00:10:04,029 --> 00:10:05,861
你想想你认识的人里面

300
00:10:06,188 --> 00:10:07,121
有没有谁

301
00:10:07,149 --> 00:10:09,308
在别人眼里已经很好了

302
00:10:09,308 --> 00:10:10,741
可自己永远觉得不够

303
00:10:11,428 --> 00:10:12,182
不够善良

304
00:10:12,548 --> 00:10:13,261
不够聪明

305
00:10:13,548 --> 00:10:14,361
不够强

306
00:10:14,948 --> 00:10:16,881
那种永远不满足的焦虑

307
00:10:17,029 --> 00:10:18,562
不是因为真的不够

308
00:10:18,668 --> 00:10:21,961
是因为末那识需要不断确认自己的存在

309
00:10:22,548 --> 00:10:23,621
它制造匮乏感

310
00:10:23,989 --> 00:10:25,802
就像发动机需要燃料

311
00:10:26,109 --> 00:10:26,902
你越喂它

312
00:10:27,188 --> 00:10:28,042
它越饿

313
00:10:28,653 --> 00:10:30,892
刘备做了一辈子仁义的事

314
00:10:30,893 --> 00:10:33,706
到死的那天还在怀疑自己不够仁义

315
00:10:33,853 --> 00:10:35,693
诸葛亮算了一辈子的计

316
00:10:35,694 --> 00:10:38,627
到死的那天还在担心自己算漏了

317
00:10:38,773 --> 00:10:40,532
曹操防了一辈子的人

318
00:10:40,534 --> 00:10:42,946
到死的那天还在设疑冢

319
00:10:43,454 --> 00:10:45,213
三个人都喂了一辈子

320
00:10:45,214 --> 00:10:46,702
没有一个喂饱过

321
00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:51,023
大宝积经 卷第四里有一段话让我印象很深

322
00:10:51,490 --> 00:10:52,643
经文的原话是

323
00:10:53,169 --> 00:10:55,143
不应执着善与不善

324
00:10:55,570 --> 00:10:56,482
若执善法

325
00:10:56,889 --> 00:10:58,862
彼不善法亦当执着

326
00:10:59,289 --> 00:11:00,722
这话初听有点绕

327
00:11:01,049 --> 00:11:02,182
我翻译一下

328
00:11:02,529 --> 00:11:03,322
它的意思是

329
00:11:03,689 --> 00:11:05,649
你一旦把善抓死了

330
00:11:05,649 --> 00:11:08,182
你就同时把不善也抓住了

331
00:11:08,450 --> 00:11:11,263
因为抓这个动作本身不分善恶

332
00:11:11,649 --> 00:11:13,742
你抓仁义抓得有多紧

333
00:11:13,889 --> 00:11:16,303
你对不仁义的恐惧就有多深

334
00:11:16,689 --> 00:11:18,682
刘备一辈子都在害怕一件事

335
00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:20,623
别人说他不仁义

336
00:11:20,970 --> 00:11:22,082
他不是在追善

337
00:11:22,529 --> 00:11:24,102
他是在逃避不善

338
00:11:24,529 --> 00:11:27,582
抓和逃是同一个动作的正反面

339
00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:32,174
金刚般若波罗蜜经 卷第一说得更直接

340
00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:33,513
佛对弟子们说

341
00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:34,873
汝等比丘

342
00:11:35,200 --> 00:11:36,333
知我说法

343
00:11:36,361 --> 00:11:37,233
如筏喻者

344
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:38,633
法尚应舍

345
00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:40,133
何况非法

346
00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:41,113
什么意思呢

347
00:11:41,641 --> 00:11:43,934
修行就像坐竹筏过河

348
00:11:44,121 --> 00:11:44,753
到了对岸

349
00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:46,880
你应该把竹筏放下来

350
00:11:46,881 --> 00:11:48,054
轻装上路

351
00:11:48,160 --> 00:11:51,253
连佛法这条筏子到了对岸都该放下

352
00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:54,774
何况你手里那张叫仁义或者智谋的牌

353
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:57,414
这里的舍不是说善不好

354
00:11:57,560 --> 00:11:58,694
善当然好

355
00:11:58,761 --> 00:12:02,654
但当善从一种自然的回应变成了身份的焊接

356
00:12:02,761 --> 00:12:04,893
它就从工具变成了牢笼

357
00:12:05,121 --> 00:12:07,093
刘备诸葛亮曹操

358
00:12:07,121 --> 00:12:10,654
都是过了河还把筏子扛在背上走路的人

359
00:12:11,401 --> 00:12:14,512
因为他们已经分不清自己和筏子了

360
00:12:14,939 --> 00:12:16,912
你可能觉得这是古人的事

361
00:12:17,260 --> 00:12:17,973
但你想想

362
00:12:18,339 --> 00:12:20,352
现代社会里的三种我执

363
00:12:20,459 --> 00:12:21,132
换了衣服

364
00:12:21,339 --> 00:12:22,673
动作一模一样

365
00:12:23,099 --> 00:12:27,352
那些在公司里永远抢着帮忙 永远不会说不的人

366
00:12:27,420 --> 00:12:28,532
有没有一种可能

367
00:12:28,979 --> 00:12:30,272
不是太善良

368
00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:33,532
而是善良这个标签已经成了唯一的身份

369
00:12:34,140 --> 00:12:35,252
一旦说了一次不

370
00:12:35,579 --> 00:12:37,032
怕的不是得罪人

371
00:12:37,059 --> 00:12:38,433
是怕失去自己

372
00:12:38,859 --> 00:12:42,152
那些什么事都要研究透了才敢动手的人

373
00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:43,372
有没有一种可能

374
00:12:43,699 --> 00:12:44,939
不是太谨慎

375
00:12:44,939 --> 00:12:48,453
而是聪明这个标签已经成了全部的安全感

376
00:12:49,020 --> 00:12:51,059
一旦遇到研究不透的事情

377
00:12:51,059 --> 00:12:52,338
怕的不是失败

378
00:12:52,339 --> 00:12:54,512
是怕自己不再是那个聪明人

379
00:12:55,219 --> 00:12:58,352
还有那些在每段关系里都要占上风的人

380
00:12:58,459 --> 00:12:59,412
有没有一种可能

381
00:12:59,699 --> 00:13:00,978
不是太强势

382
00:13:00,979 --> 00:13:03,612
而是强这个标签已经焊死在心里了

383
00:13:04,020 --> 00:13:04,732
一旦示弱

384
00:13:05,020 --> 00:13:06,272
怕的不是吃亏

385
00:13:06,300 --> 00:13:07,824
是怕自己消失了

386
00:13:08,171 --> 00:13:10,224
现在很多领导力培训课程

387
00:13:10,291 --> 00:13:12,584
教你怎么做一个仁义的领导者

388
00:13:12,612 --> 00:13:15,224
怎么做一个有战略远见的领导者

389
00:13:15,252 --> 00:13:17,425
怎么做一个有魄力的领导者

390
00:13:17,572 --> 00:13:18,625
你发现了吗

391
00:13:18,651 --> 00:13:22,625
这三种模板正好对应刘备 诸葛亮和曹操

392
00:13:22,972 --> 00:13:25,090
课程教你穿上不同的衣服

393
00:13:25,092 --> 00:13:26,405
但从来不问你一个问题

394
00:13:26,972 --> 00:13:28,484
你为什么需要穿衣服

395
00:13:29,051 --> 00:13:30,665
权谋文化也是一样

396
00:13:31,011 --> 00:13:32,864
教你怎么在博弈中赢

397
00:13:33,171 --> 00:13:34,165
可赢了之后呢

398
00:13:34,651 --> 00:13:36,905
你回头看看曹操就知道了

399
00:13:36,972 --> 00:13:38,210
赢了天下的人

400
00:13:38,212 --> 00:13:42,625
还是没能赢过自己心里那个不停运转的恐惧发动机

401
00:13:42,972 --> 00:13:44,625
你可能也有过这种时候

402
00:13:44,932 --> 00:13:47,224
某个标签贴在身上很多年了

403
00:13:47,371 --> 00:13:49,785
分不清那到底是自己喜欢做的事

404
00:13:49,812 --> 00:13:52,704
还是害怕不做之后就不是自己了

405
00:13:53,052 --> 00:13:54,611
这个分不清的状态

406
00:13:54,612 --> 00:13:57,025
就是末那识在干活

407
00:13:57,531 --> 00:13:59,131
它干得太安静了

408
00:13:59,131 --> 00:14:03,087
安静到你以为它的声音就是你自己的声音

409
00:14:03,554 --> 00:14:05,553
三国演义最让我感慨的

410
00:14:05,554 --> 00:14:07,528
不是谁赢了谁输了

411
00:14:07,674 --> 00:14:09,367
是这三个人加在一起

412
00:14:09,394 --> 00:14:12,408
像是人类同一种困境的三面镜子

413
00:14:12,674 --> 00:14:15,768
刘备照出来的那面叫我必须是好人

414
00:14:15,955 --> 00:14:19,207
诸葛亮照出来的那面叫我必须是聪明人

415
00:14:19,314 --> 00:14:22,687
曹操照出来的那面叫我必须是最强的人

416
00:14:22,914 --> 00:14:24,514
你把三面镜子翻过来

417
00:14:24,514 --> 00:14:26,008
后面是同一堵墙

418
00:14:26,154 --> 00:14:27,987
那堵墙的名字就三个字

419
00:14:28,355 --> 00:14:29,748
我必须是

420
00:14:30,014 --> 00:14:30,888
修行的开始

421
00:14:31,134 --> 00:14:32,667
不是学会做什么

422
00:14:32,734 --> 00:14:34,148
是看见这堵墙

423
00:14:34,575 --> 00:14:35,167
看见它

424
00:14:35,494 --> 00:14:36,787
不是要拆掉它

425
00:14:37,134 --> 00:14:38,368
善良还是要善良

426
00:14:38,734 --> 00:14:40,334
聪明还是要聪明

427
00:14:40,335 --> 00:14:42,628
该有力量的时候也要有力量

428
00:14:42,815 --> 00:14:43,888
但你和它之间

429
00:14:44,175 --> 00:14:45,893
不再是焊死的关系

430
00:14:45,894 --> 00:14:47,508
而是选择的关系

431
00:14:47,774 --> 00:14:49,207
今天我选择善良

432
00:14:49,534 --> 00:14:51,494
是因为当下该善良

433
00:14:51,494 --> 00:14:54,268
不是因为我必须是一个善良的人

434
00:14:54,695 --> 00:14:56,187
这个差别很微妙

435
00:14:56,215 --> 00:14:59,853
但它决定了你是自由的还是被绑着的

436
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:02,054
罗贯中写这部书的时候

437
00:15:02,080 --> 00:15:03,814
大概没有想过唯识学

438
00:15:04,121 --> 00:15:06,333
但他通过故事观察到的东西

439
00:15:06,521 --> 00:15:09,973
和两千五百年前佛陀用内观看到的东西

440
00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:12,174
指向的是同一张地图

441
00:15:12,481 --> 00:15:15,574
古人的眼睛有时候比理论更准

442
00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,213
他不需要知道末那识这三个字

443
00:15:18,281 --> 00:15:20,454
只需要盯着人看得足够久

444
00:15:20,521 --> 00:15:22,502
就能把人看透

445
00:15:23,064 --> 00:15:23,255
好

446
00:15:23,698 --> 00:15:24,939
问题留给你

447
00:15:25,125 --> 00:15:28,388
你心里有没有一件穿了很多年的衣服

448
00:15:28,534 --> 00:15:32,094
已经分不清是你在穿它还是它在穿你

449
00:15:32,615 --> 00:15:33,560
是好人这件

450
00:15:33,923 --> 00:15:35,032
聪明人这件

451
00:15:35,033 --> 00:15:35,898
还是别的什么

452
00:15:36,460 --> 00:15:39,920
你有没有试过在心里把它轻轻脱下来

453
00:15:40,067 --> 00:15:42,140
看看没有这件衣服的时候

454
00:15:42,286 --> 00:15:43,349
你还剩下什么

455
00:15:43,831 --> 00:15:46,855
我很想在评论区听听你的答案

456
00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:47,985
我是王利杰

457
00:15:48,350 --> 00:15:49,630
我们下期见