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打坐到底在干什么

2
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神经科学终于给出了答案全世界有几亿人在打坐

3
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硅谷的CEO在打坐

4
00:00:08,060 --> 00:00:10,480
华尔街的交易员在打坐，NBA

5
00:00:10,480 --> 00:00:11,640
球员在打坐

6
00:00:11,640 --> 00:00:13,840
连美国军方都在研究冥想训练

7
00:00:14,359 --> 00:00:16,800
但如果你去问他们"你打坐的时候

8
00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:18,321
你的大脑里到底发生了什么"

9
00:00:18,899 --> 00:00:20,100
绝大多数人答不上来

10
00:00:20,500 --> 00:00:22,859
他们会说"我在放空""我在观

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呼吸""我在让念头安静下来"

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但这些都是主观描述

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从神经科学的角度看

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打坐的时候大脑里到底发生了什么物理变化

15
00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:35,679
为什么坐在那里什么都不干反而能减轻痛苦

16
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一千五百年前的佛学修行者没有核磁共振

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没有脑电图

18
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他们凭什么知道这套方法有用

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今天这期视频

20
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我要用当代认知神经科学最前沿的理论来回答这个问题

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00:00:47,179 --> 00:00:47,180

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但我先剧透一下结论 - 当我把答案推导出来之后

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00:00:51,119 --> 00:00:52,979
我发现了一件让我极其震撼的事

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现代神经科学给出的答案

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跟一千五百年前印度唯识学描述的意识运作机制

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在数学结构上几乎是同一个东西

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哈喽

28
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大家好

29
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我是王利杰

30
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要回答"打坐在干什么"

31
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我们得先理解一件更基础的事

32
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你的大脑到底是怎么工作的

33
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因为如果你不知道大脑正常状态下在干什么

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你就无法理解打坐是在改变什么

35
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绝大多数人对大脑的直觉模型是这样的

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眼睛像摄像头一样采集光信号

37
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耳朵像麦克风一样采集声音

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这些信号传进大脑

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大脑进行处理

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然后你"看到"了世界、"听到"了声音

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对吧

42
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这个模型叫"输入-处理-输出"

43
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听起来很合理

44
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就像一台电脑：数据进来，CPU

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算一算

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结果出来

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但是当代神经科学发现

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这个模型是错的

49
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错在哪儿

50
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错在一个非常反直觉的解剖学事实

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科学家研究大脑皮层的神经连接发现

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从高层脑区向低层感觉区域投射的反馈连接

53
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在数量上远远超过从感觉器官向上传递的前馈连接

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拿视觉来说

55
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你的初级视觉皮层V1接收到的输入信号中

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来自眼睛视网膜经中继站传上来的信号只占很小一部分

57
00:02:03,370 --> 00:02:03,371

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绝大多数突触输入

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来自大脑自己的高层区域

60
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这意味着什么

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意味着你的大脑花在"往下说话"上的精力

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远远大于它花在"往上听"的精力

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你的大脑不是一台被动的接收器

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它是一台主动的预测发生器

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它的主要工作不是"接收数据然后处理"

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而是"先猜

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然后看猜得对不对"

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这就是预测编码理论的核心

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大脑时时刻刻都在生成对外部世界的预测

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自上而下地发送信号

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告诉低层感觉区域"我觉得接下

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来你应该接收到这样的信号"

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然后

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来自感官的实际数据往上传

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但传上去的不是完整的原始数据

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而只是预测和实际之间的差值

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叫做"预测误差"

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如果大脑猜对了

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误差为零

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几乎没有信号需要往上传

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大脑处于低能耗状态

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只有当大脑猜错了

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误差信号才会往上冲

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告诉高层模型："你猜错了

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更新你的判断

86
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"用一个类比来说

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传统模型认为你的大脑像一个记者

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到处采访、收集信息、然后写报道

89
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预测编码模型说不对

90
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你的大脑更像一个总编辑 - 它先自己写好了报道

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然后派记者去现场核实

92
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记者只需要回来说"没问题"或者"第三段有误"

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大部分时间

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总编辑写的稿子就直接发了

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这个理论如果是真的

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它的含义极其深远

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它意味着 - 你此刻体验到的这个世界

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你看到的颜色、听到的声音、感受到的空间纵深

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这一切的主要来源不是外部世界传进来的数据

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而是你的大脑自上而下生成的预测

101
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感官数据只是起一个校准作用

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用来微调大脑自己编出来的那个版本

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换句话说

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你的大脑先"编造"了一个世界

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然后再用感官数据来检查有没有编错

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你感知到的"现实"

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本质上是大脑的一个受控的幻觉

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"受控的幻觉"这个概念

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是英国神经科学家阿尼尔·塞斯

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系统阐发并广泛推广的核心主张

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他的表述是："感知是受控的幻觉

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幻觉是不受控的感知

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"正常情况下

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你的大脑编造的那个世界版本被感官数据不断校准着

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所以它看起来稳定、连贯

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可靠 - 你把它叫做"现实"

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但如果校准机制出了问题 - 比如在梦里

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感官输入几乎为零 - 你的大脑还是照样编故事

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只是没人来校准了

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所以梦里的内容就显得混乱、不靠谱

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但从大脑的工作机制来说

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做梦和清醒的区别不是"有幻觉"和"没幻觉"的区别

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而是"不受控的幻觉"和"受控的幻觉"的区别

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你醒着的时候

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你的大脑也在"做梦"

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只不过有感官数据在旁边不断纠偏

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好

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记住这个预测编码的基本框架

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因为接下来我要加一个关键零件

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这个零件会直接把我们引向打坐的秘密

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预测编码理论有一个非常关键的概念叫"先验信念"

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Priors

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你的大脑不是白纸一张

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它带着大量预设来面对世界

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有些先验是进化写进去的

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比如"重力向下""物体不会凭空消失"

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有些是你的人生经验累积的

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比如"火是烫的""妈妈的脸是安全的"

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这些先验信念构成了你大脑生成模型的基础

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它们决定了你的大脑会"编造"出什么样的世界

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而且

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每一个先验信念都有一个"精度权重"

145
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Precision Weighting

146
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就是大脑对这个信念有多确信

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权重越高

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大脑就越倾向于按这个信念来编造世界

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越不容易被感官数据修正

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权重越低

151
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大脑就越愿意听感官数据的

152
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上一期我讲了那条著名的裙子 - 同一张图片

153
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有人看到蓝黑色

154
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有人看到白金色

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用预测编码来解释就特别精确

156
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你的大脑对光照条件做了一个先验假设

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如果大脑假设"这是阴影中的裙子"

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它就给这个光照先验赋了高权重

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扣除了蓝色分量

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你看到的就是白金

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如果大脑假设"这是人造光下的裙子"

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权重分配不同

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你看到蓝黑

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你看到什么颜色

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取决于你大脑内部的权重分配

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不取决于图片本身

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请记住"精度权重"这四个字

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这是整期视频最关键的概念

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你后面会发现

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打坐在干什么

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苦从哪里来

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修行怎么起作用 - 全部跟它有关

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好

174
00:06:14,699 --> 00:06:16,959
现在我要做一件这期视频最核心的事

175
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把预测编码放到佛学唯识宗的框架里

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如果你是我这个频道的老观众

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接下来的内容会让你头皮发麻

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唯识宗说什么

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00:06:26,319 --> 00:06:28,510
说阿赖耶识里储存着无数"种子"

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这些种子是你过去所有经验和行为留下的痕迹

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它们在因缘条件成熟时"现行"

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就是从潜伏状态激活

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参与到你当下的认知活动中来

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预测编码说什么

185
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说你的大脑储存着大量"先验信念"

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这些先验是你过去所有经验和进化历史留下的模式

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它们通过权重参数持续地影响你当下的感知和判断

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种子和先验信念

189
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你把它们放在一起看 - 功能完全一样

190
00:06:56,779 --> 00:06:58,740
都是过去经验的沉淀物

191
00:06:58,740 --> 00:07:02,218
都在你不知道的情况下塑造着你此刻的体验

192
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都有强弱之分

193
00:07:03,459 --> 00:07:05,020
都可以被新的经验更新

194
00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:07,819
唯识宗说"种子生现行

195
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现行熏种子" - 旧种子影响当前体验

196
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当前体验又会回头更新种子

197
00:07:13,579 --> 00:07:16,120
预测编码说"先验生成预测

198
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预测误差更新先验" - 旧模型决定你看到什么

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看到的偏差又会回头修正模型

200
00:07:22,439 --> 00:07:24,980
这是同一个反馈循环的两种描述语言

201
00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:26,860
但还有更精确的对应

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我在讲<解深密经>

203
00:07:28,540 --> 00:07:31,480
那期详细拆解过唯识宗的三自性模型

204
00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:34,899
今天我要把它跟预测编码做一个正式的

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一一对应的桥接

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第一层

207
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依他起性

208
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依他起就是"依赖其他条件而生起"

209
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因缘和合的数据流

210
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没有固定自性

211
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随条件变化而变化

212
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对应预测编码里的什么

213
00:07:47,819 --> 00:07:49,600
对应自下而上的感官数据流

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光子撞击视网膜的信号

215
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声波震动毛细胞的信号

216
00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:56,360
压力触发Piezo通道的信号

217
00:07:56,879 --> 00:07:59,339
这些是因缘条件决定的物理事件

218
00:07:59,339 --> 00:08:01,439
它们本身没有颜色、没有意义

219
00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:04,310
没有"这是一朵花" - 它们只是一串串电信号

220
00:08:04,819 --> 00:08:08,320
它们是原始的、未加工的、随条件变化的数据流

221
00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:09,860
第二层

222
00:08:09,860 --> 00:08:11,000
遍计所执性

223
00:08:11,019 --> 00:08:15,000
遍计所执就是你的意识在依他起的原始数据上面"遍计"

224
00:08:15,459 --> 00:08:17,480
到处分别、标记、分类

225
00:08:17,620 --> 00:08:20,139
贴标签 - 然后"执" - 抓住不放

226
00:08:20,139 --> 00:08:20,940
以为那就是真的

227
00:08:21,279 --> 00:08:22,959
对应预测编码里的什么

228
00:08:23,060 --> 00:08:26,300
精确对应自上而下的先验信念和预测信号

229
00:08:27,019 --> 00:08:29,740
你的大脑在感官数据还没传上来之前

230
00:08:29,740 --> 00:08:32,080
就已经用先验信念编好了一个世界

231
00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:34,580
"这是一朵红色的花""那是一个危

232
00:08:34,580 --> 00:08:36,560
险的人""我是一个独立的自我"

233
00:08:36,980 --> 00:08:39,680
这些都是大脑叠加在原始数据上面的"故事"

234
00:08:40,158 --> 00:08:42,220
然后你对这些故事深信不疑

235
00:08:42,220 --> 00:08:44,760
并在这些故事的基础上生出喜怒哀乐

236
00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:47,640
更关键的是精度权重这个概念

237
00:08:48,220 --> 00:08:50,019
你对一个信念的执着程度

238
00:08:50,019 --> 00:08:52,000
在预测编码里就是精度权重

239
00:08:52,500 --> 00:08:53,279
权重越高

240
00:08:53,279 --> 00:08:54,540
你越难被现实纠正

241
00:08:54,980 --> 00:08:58,289
一个深度偏见就是一个精度权重极高的先验信念

242
00:08:58,759 --> 00:09:00,779
不管你看到多少反面证据

243
00:09:00,779 --> 00:09:02,591
大脑都自动解释掉或者忽略

244
00:09:03,100 --> 00:09:04,539
唯识宗管这叫什么

245
00:09:04,700 --> 00:09:05,100
叫"执"

246
00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:06,860
执着之所以难破

247
00:09:06,860 --> 00:09:08,600
不是因为你意志力不够

248
00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:11,019
而是因为那个种子的权重太高了

249
00:09:11,019 --> 00:09:13,581
高到感官数据的校准信号根本穿不透

250
00:09:14,100 --> 00:09:16,700
这解释了为什么有些人明明看到了真相

251
00:09:16,700 --> 00:09:18,940
还是改不了 - 不是他不想改

252
00:09:18,940 --> 00:09:21,160
是他大脑里那个先验的权重太高了

253
00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:22,419
第三层

254
00:09:22,419 --> 00:09:23,020
圆成实性

255
00:09:23,779 --> 00:09:26,539
圆成实就是如实了知前两层的运作

256
00:09:26,940 --> 00:09:28,719
既看见了依他起的数据流

257
00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:31,120
也看见了遍计所执的叠加过程

258
00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:32,360
不被任何一层绑架

259
00:09:33,100 --> 00:09:34,639
对应预测编码里的什么

260
00:09:34,759 --> 00:09:38,000
对应一种特殊的认知状态 - 你不仅在做预测

261
00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:40,821
你还看见了"自己在做预测"这个过程本身

262
00:09:40,919 --> 00:09:43,299
你意识到了自己的先验信念是什么

263
00:09:43,299 --> 00:09:45,979
意识到了精度权重是怎么分配的

264
00:09:45,980 --> 00:09:49,629
意识到了你看到的"现实"是大脑编造的一个受控幻觉

265
00:09:49,629 --> 00:09:49,630

266
00:09:50,279 --> 00:09:52,599
这种对认知过程本身的觉察

267
00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:54,549
在认知科学里叫"元认知"

268
00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:55,539
metacognition

269
00:09:56,240 --> 00:09:56,940
在佛学里

270
00:09:56,940 --> 00:09:57,679
叫般若

271
00:09:57,679 --> 00:09:58,419
叫智慧

272
00:09:58,419 --> 00:09:58,880
叫"照见"

273
00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,000
三自性和预测编码的三层结构

274
00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:02,520
是同构的

275
00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:04,120
这已经够震撼了

276
00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:05,779
但要回答"打坐在干什么"

277
00:10:05,779 --> 00:10:07,280
我们还需要再往下挖一层

278
00:10:07,799 --> 00:10:10,879
预测编码理论背后有一个更底层的统一理论

279
00:10:10,879 --> 00:10:11,879
叫自由能原理

280
00:10:11,879 --> 00:10:13,759
Free Energy Principle

281
00:10:13,759 --> 00:10:16,120
是伦敦大学学院的卡尔·弗里斯顿提出的

282
00:10:16,580 --> 00:10:18,419
这个理论试图回答一个终极问题

283
00:10:18,419 --> 00:10:22,399
为什么生命系统能够维持自身的存在而不散架

284
00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:25,740
弗里斯顿的回答是：所有生命系统的核心使命

285
00:10:25,740 --> 00:10:27,860
都是最小化"惊奇" - Surprise

286
00:10:28,559 --> 00:10:31,100
这里的"惊奇"不是日常用语的惊喜

287
00:10:31,100 --> 00:10:32,639
是一个信息论概念

288
00:10:32,639 --> 00:10:35,740
简单来说就是你的感官状态偏离预期的程度

289
00:10:36,379 --> 00:10:38,080
一条鱼发现自己在陆地上

290
00:10:38,139 --> 00:10:40,159
这是一个极高惊奇的状态

291
00:10:40,159 --> 00:10:43,019
意味着它偏离了它应该待的生存区间

292
00:10:43,019 --> 00:10:44,040
死亡将至

293
00:10:44,139 --> 00:10:44,919
为了活着

294
00:10:44,919 --> 00:10:47,620
生命体必须持续地最小化惊奇

295
00:10:47,620 --> 00:10:50,039
也就是让自己的预测尽量准确

296
00:10:50,039 --> 00:10:52,180
让自己的状态尽量在预期范围内

297
00:10:52,860 --> 00:10:53,559
说白了

298
00:10:53,559 --> 00:10:55,129
你的身体一直在做两件事

299
00:10:55,600 --> 00:10:57,799
要么改变想法去适应世界

300
00:10:57,799 --> 00:10:59,540
要么改变世界去适应想法

301
00:11:00,159 --> 00:11:00,960
科学术语里

302
00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:02,310
第一种叫"知觉推断"

303
00:11:02,820 --> 00:11:04,961
改变内部模型来匹配外部世界

304
00:11:05,419 --> 00:11:06,919
你看到了一个意外的东西

305
00:11:06,919 --> 00:11:08,040
于是更新你的信念

306
00:11:08,399 --> 00:11:09,740
第二种叫"主动推断"

307
00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:12,420
改变外部世界来匹配内部模型

308
00:11:12,840 --> 00:11:13,460
你饿了

309
00:11:13,460 --> 00:11:15,860
你的身体预测"血糖应该正常"

310
00:11:15,860 --> 00:11:17,720
但实际上血糖很低

311
00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:19,040
产生了巨大的预测误差

312
00:11:19,580 --> 00:11:20,860
为了消除这个误差

313
00:11:20,980 --> 00:11:23,320
你不是修改你的信念假装自己不饿

314
00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:25,240
而是采取行动 - 去找食物吃

315
00:11:25,740 --> 00:11:28,080
吃完之后血糖回到正常范围

316
00:11:28,080 --> 00:11:29,500
预测误差消除

317
00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:30,280
惊奇最小化

318
00:11:30,659 --> 00:11:31,440
你们听到这里

319
00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:32,919
有没有觉得哪里不对

320
00:11:33,059 --> 00:11:35,620
最小化惊奇 - 也就是最小化预测误差

321
00:11:36,059 --> 00:11:37,860
也就是让一切都在预期之内

322
00:11:38,279 --> 00:11:39,860
也就是追求一个稳定的

323
00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:41,900
没有意外的、不让你难受的状态

324
00:11:42,360 --> 00:11:43,159
这是什么

325
00:11:43,259 --> 00:11:45,919
这不就是佛学说的"趋乐避苦"吗

326
00:11:45,960 --> 00:11:49,210
弗里斯顿从物理学和信息论的角度推导出来的结论是

327
00:11:49,210 --> 00:11:53,020
所有生命系统的根本驱动力是最小化预测误差

328
00:11:53,679 --> 00:11:56,879
佛陀从内观冥想的角度观察到的结论是

329
00:11:56,879 --> 00:11:59,740
所有众生的根本驱动力是趋乐避苦

330
00:11:59,840 --> 00:12:02,701
这两句话是同一句话的不同语言版本

331
00:12:02,919 --> 00:12:04,380
但佛陀往前多走了一步

332
00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:08,059
他说：苦的根源不是预测误差本身

333
00:12:08,059 --> 00:12:10,841
而是你对"消除预测误差"这件事的执着

334
00:12:11,220 --> 00:12:11,960
什么意思

335
00:12:12,120 --> 00:12:12,659
你饿了

336
00:12:12,659 --> 00:12:13,379
血糖低了

337
00:12:13,379 --> 00:12:14,539
产生了预测误差

338
00:12:14,539 --> 00:12:15,479
你去吃东西

339
00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:17,220
误差消除了 - 这没问题

340
00:12:17,220 --> 00:12:18,860
这是正常的主动推断

341
00:12:18,860 --> 00:12:19,660
是生存必需的

342
00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:21,200
但问题出在哪儿

343
00:12:21,220 --> 00:12:24,259
问题出在你不仅想消除当前的误差

344
00:12:24,259 --> 00:12:26,120
你还想永久消除所有误差

345
00:12:26,519 --> 00:12:28,840
你想要一个"永远没有预测误差"的状态

346
00:12:29,340 --> 00:12:29,840
永远不饿

347
00:12:30,159 --> 00:12:33,620
永远不痛、永远不失去、永远被爱、永远安全

348
00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:35,461
但这在物理上是不可能的

349
00:12:36,259 --> 00:12:37,940
热力学第二定律告诉你

350
00:12:37,940 --> 00:12:39,519
系统的熵必然增加

351
00:12:39,519 --> 00:12:40,879
意外必然发生

352
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:42,701
预测误差不可能永久归零

353
00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,860
你在一个本质上充满不确定性的宇宙里

354
00:12:45,860 --> 00:12:47,360
追求一个"确定性"的幻觉

355
00:12:47,840 --> 00:12:50,940
这种追求本身 - 这种对"零预测误差"的执着

356
00:12:51,159 --> 00:12:52,120
才是苦的本质

357
00:12:52,740 --> 00:12:56,279
佛学管这个叫"贪" - 贪是对愉悦状态的执着

358
00:12:56,279 --> 00:12:58,800
本质上就是对"低预测误差状态"的贪恋

359
00:12:59,379 --> 00:13:00,520
佛学管另一种叫"嗔"

360
00:13:01,019 --> 00:13:03,179
嗔是对不愉悦状态的抗拒

361
00:13:03,179 --> 00:13:05,680
本质上就是对"高预测误差状态"的不接受

362
00:13:06,259 --> 00:13:07,059
而"痴"

363
00:13:07,059 --> 00:13:09,379
是你根本不知道这整个机制在运作

364
00:13:09,799 --> 00:13:14,080
你不知道你感知到的"现实"是大脑编造的受控幻觉

365
00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:17,639
你不知道你的痛苦来自你对先验信念的执着

366
00:13:17,639 --> 00:13:21,040
你不知道你对"稳定"的渴望在物理上是注定落空的

367
00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:22,379
贪嗔痴

368
00:13:22,379 --> 00:13:24,500
就是对预测误差的三种不当反应

369
00:13:25,039 --> 00:13:26,259
你把这句话记住

370
00:13:26,259 --> 00:13:29,581
这可能是你听过的对贪嗔痴最精确的现代翻译

371
00:13:30,179 --> 00:13:30,700
好

372
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:31,581
所有铺垫到位了

373
00:13:31,940 --> 00:13:34,480
现在我可以正式回答这期视频的核心问题了

374
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:36,799
打坐到底在干什么

375
00:13:36,899 --> 00:13:39,818
伦敦帝国理工学院的Robin Carhart-Harris

376
00:13:39,820 --> 00:13:42,720
和我们前面提到的弗里斯顿联合提出了一个模型

377
00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:42,799

378
00:13:42,799 --> 00:13:43,779
叫REBUS

379
00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:47,159
全称是"迷幻剂作用下的信念放松"

380
00:13:47,159 --> 00:13:48,659
英文是Relaxed Beliefs

381
00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:50,220
Under Psychedelics

382
00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:52,919
虽然这个模型最初是研究迷幻药物的

383
00:13:52,919 --> 00:13:55,760
但它揭示的大脑机制同样适用于深度冥想

384
00:13:56,460 --> 00:13:57,240
他发现

385
00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:00,700
当人使用迷幻药物或者进入深度冥想状态时

386
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:02,700
大脑会发生一件特别的事

387
00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:05,341
高层先验信念的精度权重被降低了

388
00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:06,639
什么意思

389
00:14:06,779 --> 00:14:09,519
就是那些平时牢牢控制你感知的顶层信念

390
00:14:09,519 --> 00:14:12,200
"我是一个独立的自我""世界是由

391
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:14,530
分离的物体组成的""过去决定未来"

392
00:14:14,980 --> 00:14:17,000
这些信念的权重突然被调低了

393
00:14:17,399 --> 00:14:21,000
它们不再那么强势地控制你大脑编造世界的过程

394
00:14:21,179 --> 00:14:23,259
当这些顶层信念放松之后

395
00:14:23,259 --> 00:14:24,081
两件事发生了

396
00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:25,159
第一

397
00:14:25,159 --> 00:14:29,019
原来被压制的底层感官数据和深层情绪突然涌上来了

398
00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:32,379
因为以前是高权重的先验在上面压着它们

399
00:14:32,379 --> 00:14:33,400
不让它们被意识到

400
00:14:33,879 --> 00:14:35,139
现在压力释放了

401
00:14:35,139 --> 00:14:36,180
它们喷涌而出

402
00:14:36,679 --> 00:14:39,269
这就是为什么深度冥想中有人会突然大哭

403
00:14:39,740 --> 00:14:41,279
突然想起被遗忘的记忆

404
00:14:41,559 --> 00:14:43,159
突然感受到强烈的情绪

405
00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:45,700
不是冥想"制造"了这些东西

406
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:48,040
而是冥想"松开"了压着它们的盖子

407
00:14:48,440 --> 00:14:49,179
第二

408
00:14:49,179 --> 00:14:52,039
大脑的熵增加了 - 也就是系统变得更开放

409
00:14:52,179 --> 00:14:53,799
更灵活、更不确定

410
00:14:53,799 --> 00:14:55,860
不再被锁在一个僵化的旧模型里

411
00:14:56,399 --> 00:14:59,549
这种状态在神经影像学上有一个非常清晰的标志

412
00:14:59,549 --> 00:15:03,040
默认模式网络 - DMN - 的活动大幅下降

413
00:15:03,659 --> 00:15:05,100
默认模式网络是什么

414
00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:08,640
它是你大脑中维持"自我"这个叙事结构的核心网络

415
00:15:09,179 --> 00:15:11,659
你关于"我是谁""我的过去""我

416
00:15:11,659 --> 00:15:14,190
的未来"的那个持续运转的内心独白

417
00:15:14,190 --> 00:15:14,620

418
00:15:14,620 --> 00:15:16,540
就是默认模式网络在驱动的

419
00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:19,080
当默认模式网络的活动下降

420
00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:21,930
人们报告的主观体验是：自我感消融了

421
00:15:22,269 --> 00:15:24,310
"我"和"世界"之间的边界模糊了

422
00:15:24,980 --> 00:15:28,471
一种巨大的、海洋般的、无边际的开放感涌来

423
00:15:29,039 --> 00:15:31,610
这个体验在神经科学里叫"自我消融"

424
00:15:31,620 --> 00:15:32,899
Ego Dissolution

425
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:34,820
在佛学里叫什么

426
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:35,520
叫"无我"

427
00:15:36,039 --> 00:15:37,080
而且你们注意

428
00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:38,820
我之前讲<道德经>那期提到过

429
00:15:39,419 --> 00:15:44,080
深度冥想者的脑扫描也显示默认模式网络活动大幅下降

430
00:15:44,620 --> 00:15:45,680
全脑同步性上升

431
00:15:46,460 --> 00:15:50,779
跟REBUS模型描述的迷幻剂状态的神经特征高度重叠

432
00:15:50,779 --> 00:15:50,780

433
00:15:51,299 --> 00:15:54,340
这两条完全不同的路径 - 一条是化学的

434
00:15:54,340 --> 00:15:55,240
迷幻药物

435
00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:56,360
一条是训练的

436
00:15:56,360 --> 00:15:58,800
冥想修行 - 到达了同一个神经状态

437
00:15:59,299 --> 00:15:59,779
所以

438
00:15:59,779 --> 00:16:01,320
打坐到底在干什么

439
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:03,379
用预测编码的语言翻译

440
00:16:03,379 --> 00:16:05,000
答案清晰得不能再清晰了

441
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:06,580
佛学里的"止"

442
00:16:06,580 --> 00:16:09,341
就是降低高层先验信念的精度权重

443
00:16:09,860 --> 00:16:11,779
让你的叙事机器安静下来

444
00:16:11,879 --> 00:16:14,220
那些关于"我应该怎样""世界应该

445
00:16:14,220 --> 00:16:16,419
怎样""未来会怎样"的强迫性预测

446
00:16:16,879 --> 00:16:19,140
让它们不再那么强势地控制你的感知

447
00:16:19,659 --> 00:16:20,860
你不是在"放空"

448
00:16:20,860 --> 00:16:23,120
你是在主动调低那些失控的参数

449
00:16:23,639 --> 00:16:24,539
佛学里的"观"

450
00:16:24,539 --> 00:16:26,879
就是在先验权重降低之后

451
00:16:26,879 --> 00:16:28,980
如实地观察依他起的数据流

452
00:16:29,039 --> 00:16:31,879
不加叙事、不加判断、不加标签地

453
00:16:31,879 --> 00:16:33,701
直接体验原始的感觉信号

454
00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:35,100
一个念头来了

455
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:36,318
你看见它来了

456
00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:37,320
一个情绪起了

457
00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:38,580
你看见它起了

458
00:16:38,580 --> 00:16:39,679
一个冲动出现了

459
00:16:39,679 --> 00:16:41,721
你看见它出现了 - 但你不跟它走

460
00:16:42,139 --> 00:16:45,059
你只是看着预测误差升起又消散

461
00:16:45,059 --> 00:16:46,059
不试图消除它

462
00:16:46,059 --> 00:16:47,081
也不试图抓住它

463
00:16:47,799 --> 00:16:48,500
止观合一

464
00:16:48,500 --> 00:16:49,340
就是圆成实

465
00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:52,818
你同时看见了大脑编造世界的整个过程

466
00:16:52,820 --> 00:16:54,759
既不被编造的内容绑架

467
00:16:54,759 --> 00:16:56,810
也不否认编造本身正在发生

468
00:16:57,399 --> 00:17:00,830
不过我必须在这里加一句诚实的说明：严格来说

469
00:17:00,830 --> 00:17:02,701
我刚才的描述里还藏着一个问题

470
00:17:03,039 --> 00:17:05,661
"你同时看见了" - 这里面还有一个"你"在看

471
00:17:06,119 --> 00:17:07,720
真正的圆成实

472
00:17:07,720 --> 00:17:09,700
按照唯识学最严格的定义

473
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:11,880
要求连这个"正在看的我"也不

474
00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:13,818
再作为一个独立的认知主体存在

475
00:17:13,818 --> 00:17:13,819

476
00:17:14,420 --> 00:17:16,598
这一层我现在还没有能力讲清楚

477
00:17:16,598 --> 00:17:17,819
留到后面专门展开

478
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,030
今天我们先在这个层面上往下走

479
00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:22,420
弗里斯顿大概不知道唯识宗，Robin

480
00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:24,000
Carhart-Harris大概也不读

481
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:25,180
<解深密经>

482
00:17:25,180 --> 00:17:27,860
阿尼尔·塞斯的研究出发点也不是佛学经典

483
00:17:28,619 --> 00:17:32,619
但他们从纯粹的数学、物理学和神经科学的路径出发

484
00:17:32,619 --> 00:17:34,859
推导出来的意识运作模型

485
00:17:34,859 --> 00:17:36,420
跟一千五百年前无著

486
00:17:36,539 --> 00:17:40,378
世亲在印度创立并由玄奘带回中国的唯识理论

487
00:17:40,660 --> 00:17:44,619
跟两千五百年前佛陀在菩提树下通过内观发现的认知结构

488
00:17:44,619 --> 00:17:45,140

489
00:17:45,140 --> 00:17:46,760
在核心逻辑上是同构的

490
00:17:47,319 --> 00:17:48,559
这件事你怎么想

491
00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:49,559
我有一个猜想

492
00:17:49,559 --> 00:17:50,400
不一定对

493
00:17:50,480 --> 00:17:53,400
但我觉得值得认真对待：这种跨越时间

494
00:17:53,579 --> 00:17:55,980
跨越文化、跨越方法论的趋同

495
00:17:55,980 --> 00:17:56,941
可能不是巧合

496
00:17:57,599 --> 00:17:58,579
它可能说明

497
00:17:58,579 --> 00:18:01,220
意识的运作确实有某种底层结构

498
00:18:01,220 --> 00:18:04,380
不管你是从外部用核磁共振去观测它

499
00:18:04,380 --> 00:18:06,799
还是从内部用冥想去体验它

500
00:18:06,799 --> 00:18:08,461
你最终都会撞上这个结构

501
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,380
就像你从地球两端开始挖隧道

502
00:18:11,380 --> 00:18:12,500
只要方向对了

503
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:14,040
你们最终会在中间碰头

504
00:18:14,660 --> 00:18:17,240
最后我想说一个这期内容给我最大的启发

505
00:18:17,720 --> 00:18:18,619
以前我觉得

506
00:18:18,619 --> 00:18:19,960
修行是一件很"玄"的事

507
00:18:20,519 --> 00:18:22,720
你要打坐、要入定、要开悟

508
00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:23,500
听起来很抽象

509
00:18:24,259 --> 00:18:27,779
但当我用预测编码的框架重新理解修行之后

510
00:18:27,779 --> 00:18:30,461
我发现修行其实是一件极其具体的事

511
00:18:31,119 --> 00:18:34,421
它就是在训练你的大脑降低不必要的先验权重

512
00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:37,480
你的很多痛苦不是来自外部世界

513
00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:40,529
而是来自你大脑里那些权重过高的先验信念

514
00:18:40,529 --> 00:18:43,819
"我必须成功""别人必须认可我""失

515
00:18:43,819 --> 00:18:46,260
去就意味着失败""未来必须是确定的"

516
00:18:46,799 --> 00:18:49,539
这些信念的精度权重被调得太高了

517
00:18:49,539 --> 00:18:53,360
高到感官数据、生活经验、理性思考都穿不透它们

518
00:18:54,079 --> 00:18:54,400
修行

519
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,040
就是把这些虚高的权重调回合理水平

520
00:18:57,460 --> 00:18:58,740
不是消灭信念

521
00:18:58,740 --> 00:19:00,890
不是变成一个没有想法的空壳

522
00:19:00,890 --> 00:19:02,759
而是让信念回到它应有的位置

523
00:19:03,279 --> 00:19:05,619
作为有用但可修正的假设存在

524
00:19:05,619 --> 00:19:07,661
而不是作为不可动摇的"真理"存在

525
00:19:08,460 --> 00:19:10,779
当你的先验权重回到合理水平

526
00:19:10,799 --> 00:19:13,599
你会发现你变得更灵活了、更开放了

527
00:19:13,740 --> 00:19:15,520
更不容易被情绪劫持了

528
00:19:15,599 --> 00:19:18,550
你不再把大脑编造的那个版本当成唯一的现实

529
00:19:19,039 --> 00:19:21,720
你知道那是一个受控的幻觉 - 有用的

530
00:19:21,759 --> 00:19:23,780
必要的、但不是终极真相的

531
00:19:24,220 --> 00:19:25,119
这种知道

532
00:19:25,119 --> 00:19:26,000
本身就是自由

533
00:19:26,660 --> 00:19:27,901
佛学管这个叫般若

534
00:19:28,299 --> 00:19:30,401
预测编码管这个叫元认知

535
00:19:30,839 --> 00:19:31,881
叫什么不重要

536
00:19:32,259 --> 00:19:35,120
重要的是 - 你看见了那台编造世界的机器

537
00:19:35,619 --> 00:19:36,539
从那一刻起

538
00:19:36,539 --> 00:19:37,860
你就不再是它的囚徒了

539
00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:40,920
问题只剩一个：你愿不愿意看

540
00:19:40,990 --> 00:19:41,720
我是王利杰

541
00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:42,799
我们下期见