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你的自我

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是大脑编造的一场幻觉

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你眼前所见 耳中所闻

4
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甚至此刻正看着视频的这个 我

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可能都不真实

6
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并非世界是假的

7
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而是你以为自己在感知世界

8
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其实一直在幻想世界

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这场幻象精密至极

10
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让你从未起疑

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哈喽

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大家好

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我是王利杰

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今天这期节目

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我要带你走进一个人的大脑

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他叫阿尼尔 赛斯

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英国萨塞克斯大学认知与计算神经科学教授

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也是全球意识科学领域最当红的研究者之一

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他本科就读剑桥

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博士毕业于萨塞克斯大学计算机科学系

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发表过两百多篇论文

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跻身全球引用率前千分之一科学家行列

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他那场关于意识的演讲

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网络播放量超一千五百万次

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2021年出版的成为你

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英文原名Being You

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一举冲进英国畅销书榜前十

28
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被译成十多种语言

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八九岁时

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他站在浴室镜前

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突然意识到自己终有一死

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这不是抽象的知识

33
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而是真切地感到镜中人某天会彻底消失

34
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那一刻如遭雷击

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他开始追问

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我是谁

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为什么是我

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为什么我在这里而非别处

39
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这些问题从此萦绕心头

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后来他在剑桥学自然科学

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本科毕业后转攻计算机科学拿下博士

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因为他明白

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要理解意识

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光靠哲学思辨不够

45
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必须用数学和计算方法建模

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我们先从一个问题说起

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意识研究领域有个著名难题

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叫 意识的困难问题

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由哲学家查尔默斯1995年提出

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它问的是

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物质的大脑为何能产生主观体验

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神经元放电为何不只是信息处理

53
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还伴随着一种 感觉像是什么 的体验

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这个问题困扰学界几十年

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至今没有公认答案

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赛斯对此的态度很有意思

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他没否认困难问题的存在

58
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但提出或许不必先解决它才能理解意识

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他给出了替代方案

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意识的真实问题

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注意

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不是 容易问题

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而是 真实问题

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意思是

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与其纠结物质为何产生体验这种形而上学难题

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不如先弄清大脑究竟如何生成具体的意识内容

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你看到的红色从何而来

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感受到的疼痛怎么产生

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那种 我是我 的感觉

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又是大脑用什么机制造出来的

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赛斯认为

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只要把这些具体的 怎么 搞清楚

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那个 为什么 也许自然就消解了

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就像生命科学史上

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人们曾争论 生命力 究竟是什么神秘物质

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后来随着对DNA 蛋白质 细胞机制的理解加深

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这个问题便自行消失了

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没人真正解决 生命力 问题

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它只是不再成其为问题了

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这个思路本身颇具启发

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但赛斯真正震撼人心的

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是他接下来给出的答案

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他说

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意识的本质是一种受控的幻觉

85
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你或许觉得夸张

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幻觉

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我看到的桌子 摸到的手机 感到的温度

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怎会是幻觉

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赛斯的解释是这样的

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大脑被禁锢在漆黑寂静的颅骨里

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从未直接接触外部世界

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它接收的只是来自眼 耳 皮肤 内脏的一堆电信号

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这些神经冲动本身无色 无声 无温

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仅仅是电化学脉冲

95
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那你眼中丰富多彩的世界从何而来

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赛斯说

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是大脑自己猜出来的

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大脑并非被动接收信息再呈现给你

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而是主动 不停地生成对外部世界的预测

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它依据过往经验和内部模型

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先猜出一个版本的世界

102
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再用感官信号校对

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若预测与信号大致吻合

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大脑便认定 就是这样

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若有偏差

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就调整预测以缩小误差

107
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这就是预测编码理论的核心

108
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你看到的世界并非世界本身

109
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而是大脑的最佳猜测

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通常这猜测与现实足够接近

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所以你察觉不出异样

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但它本质上仍是脑内生成的模型

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赛斯称之为 受控的幻觉

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幻觉 是因为你体验到的一切皆由脑内生成

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非外界直接给予

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受控 则因感官信号不断校准约束着它

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使其不像梦境般完全脱离现实

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细想一下这意味着什么

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你此刻看到的颜色 听到的声音 感受到的身体

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全是大脑编造的

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正常感知与幻觉的区别

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不在于真假

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而在于大脑的预测是否被感官数据管住

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不妨做个小实验

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闭眼三秒再睁开

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你是不是觉得世界突然出现了

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其实不然

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是大脑在那一瞬间重新生成了关于世界的预测模型

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并投射为视觉体验

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睁眼那一刻

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大脑做的事与画家作画并无本质区别

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只因它画得太快太好

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让你误以为自己在 看 而非 画

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为证明这点

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赛斯做了个 幻觉机器 实验

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团队结合谷歌深度梦境算法与虚拟现实技术

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让志愿者戴上VR头显

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观看萨塞克斯大学校园实景视频

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但画面经算法实时处理

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到处浮现扭曲 不存在的图案

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狗脸 眼睛 怪异纹理

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宛如梦境

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结果如何

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十二位志愿者报告的体验

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与经历深度梦境者的描述高度吻合

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注意

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他们没服用任何药物

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仅看了一段算法处理过的视频

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赛斯借此证明

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你的意识体验

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哪怕最离奇的那种

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本质上都取决于脑内信号处理方式

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改变处理方式

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就改变了整个世界的模样

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这已足够震撼

156
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但赛斯走得更远

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他说

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不仅外部世界是受控幻觉

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你感知到的 自我 也是

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你觉得有个稳定 持续 不变的 我 住在身体里

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赛斯却说

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这个 我 同样是大脑编造的

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他用另一个实验证明了这点

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该实验改编自经典的橡胶手错觉

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藏起真手

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面前放只橡胶假手

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同时刷拭两者

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过会儿你就会觉得假手是自己的

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这说明身体所有权感

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这是我的手 是大脑建构的

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可被操纵

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赛斯升级了这个实验

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他用微软体感设备和脉搏传感器

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在虚拟现实中创造了一只虚拟手

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并让其颜色随心跳节奏变化

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心脏每跳一次

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虚拟手就微微闪烁一下

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结果显示

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当虚拟手闪烁与真实心跳同步时

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你会更强烈地感到那只手属于自己

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自我感 身体所有权感

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竟能被心跳节奏操控

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这揭示了一件深刻的事

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自我感并非源于某个固定内核

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而是来自大脑对身体内部信号的预测与建模

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心跳 呼吸 内脏感觉等体内信号

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被大脑整合成一个名为 我 的预测模型

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它如此稳定持续

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让你从未怀疑其真实性

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你现在就可以感受一下

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把注意力放到心跳上

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试着感觉它

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你能感受到那份跳动吗

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那正是大脑用心脏信号维护自我模型的过程

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当你关注心跳时

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其实是在观察大脑制造 你 的过程

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但它确实只是个模型 一个预测

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一场大脑维护的受控幻觉

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由此

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赛斯提出了他最核心也最具争议的观点

201
00:07:50,398 --> 00:07:51,475
野兽机器理论

202
00:07:52,119 --> 00:07:53,496
野兽 即动物

203
00:07:53,559 --> 00:07:57,438
他认为意识的根基不在思考 推理或语言

204
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而在 活着 本身

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大脑最基本的任务不是理解世界

206
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而是让你活下去

207
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为此

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它需持续监控调节体温 血糖

209
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心率 血压 含氧量等生理参数

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将其维持在安全范围内

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这就是内稳态

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赛斯指出

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意识正是从内稳态调节中涌现的

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为维持生存

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大脑必须建立关于身体状态的预测模型

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这模型不仅在后台运行

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还会产生情绪 欲望 舒适 不适

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饥饿 疲惫等你切身感受到的体验

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它们并非附加装饰

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而是大脑驱动你采取行动以维系生存的工具

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因此在赛斯看来

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意识首先是 活着的感觉

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是作为肉体生物存在于世的最基本体验

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更高级的意识内容

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对外部世界的感知 对自我的认知 思考与推理

226
00:08:54,585 --> 00:08:58,522
都建立在这层最底层的 活着的感觉 之上

227
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这就引出一个尖锐问题

228
00:09:00,982 --> 00:09:02,059
AI有意识吗

229
00:09:02,622 --> 00:09:03,819
赛斯的回答明确

230
00:09:04,063 --> 00:09:04,559
不

231
00:09:04,782 --> 00:09:06,640
至少现在的AI没有

232
00:09:06,902 --> 00:09:08,942
理由并非AI不够聪明

233
00:09:08,943 --> 00:09:10,479
而是它没有身体

234
00:09:10,663 --> 00:09:13,920
若意识根基在于维持活体的内稳态

235
00:09:13,943 --> 00:09:17,622
那么一个无需进食 呼吸 不会死亡的系统

236
00:09:17,622 --> 00:09:20,400
便缺少了产生意识的基本条件

237
00:09:20,997 --> 00:09:25,094
大语言模型能处理海量信息 生成看似智能的回答

238
00:09:25,157 --> 00:09:27,214
却从不必为存活担忧

239
00:09:27,356 --> 00:09:28,313
它没有内稳态

240
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没有内脏信号

241
00:09:29,877 --> 00:09:32,574
更没有 我必须活下去 的底层驱动

242
00:09:33,157 --> 00:09:36,413
赛斯并未断言AI永远不可能有意识

243
00:09:36,436 --> 00:09:39,133
而是强调若想让其拥有意识

244
00:09:39,196 --> 00:09:43,614
或许需要赋予某种形式的身体及需维持的生理平衡

245
00:09:43,997 --> 00:09:47,053
仅靠增加算力和训练数据远远不够

246
00:09:47,654 --> 00:09:50,192
这一观点既有趣又富争议

247
00:09:50,375 --> 00:09:53,333
因为它意味着意识并非智能的副产品

248
00:09:53,334 --> 00:09:54,912
而是生命的副产品

249
00:09:55,174 --> 00:09:57,231
你可以很聪明却无意识

250
00:09:57,255 --> 00:09:59,192
也可以很笨但有意识

251
00:09:59,454 --> 00:10:02,432
一只老鼠或许比最强AI更有意识

252
00:10:02,534 --> 00:10:04,631
因为它有需要维系的身体

253
00:10:04,654 --> 00:10:07,312
会饿 会怕 渴望活着

254
00:10:07,574 --> 00:10:09,092
而AI无论多强大

255
00:10:09,294 --> 00:10:10,472
不饥不惧

256
00:10:10,495 --> 00:10:11,832
也不渴求生存

257
00:10:12,514 --> 00:10:16,211
现在让我们把这些科学发现拉回日常生活

258
00:10:16,713 --> 00:10:18,490
心理学家早已注意到

259
00:10:18,593 --> 00:10:22,931
人日常的焦虑痛苦大多不源于真实发生的事

260
00:10:23,033 --> 00:10:25,331
而来自大脑对自我的叙事

261
00:10:25,593 --> 00:10:27,951
心理学称之为 自我参照加工

262
00:10:28,433 --> 00:10:30,630
大脑不停编织关于 我 的故事

263
00:10:31,033 --> 00:10:31,831
我够好吗

264
00:10:32,193 --> 00:10:33,191
别人怎么看我

265
00:10:33,553 --> 00:10:34,431
未来会怎样

266
00:10:34,953 --> 00:10:38,051
这台 自我叙事引擎 一刻不停运转

267
00:10:38,114 --> 00:10:41,331
制造出大量并不存在的威胁与焦虑

268
00:10:42,135 --> 00:10:45,472
认知行为治疗创始人之一阿伦 贝克发现

269
00:10:45,534 --> 00:10:49,291
抑郁焦虑的核心机制正是自我叙事出了偏差

270
00:10:49,655 --> 00:10:52,592
大脑预测模型系统性偏向负面

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00:10:52,814 --> 00:10:54,294
你并非真的不好

272
00:10:54,294 --> 00:10:57,613
只是大脑编出的 我不好 故事太具说服力

273
00:10:57,615 --> 00:10:59,991
让你错把故事当成了现实

274
00:11:00,334 --> 00:11:03,092
赛斯的理论为此提供了更深层解释

275
00:11:03,414 --> 00:11:05,534
你之所以被自我叙事困住

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00:11:05,534 --> 00:11:09,472
是因为从未意识到 我 本身就是大脑建构的模型

277
00:11:10,135 --> 00:11:11,291
一旦看清这点

278
00:11:11,655 --> 00:11:14,911
明白 我 并非需被保护的固定实体

279
00:11:14,934 --> 00:11:16,972
而是大脑持续更新的预测

280
00:11:17,454 --> 00:11:21,592
你与那些痛苦的自我叙事之间便多了一层缓冲

281
00:11:22,112 --> 00:11:23,230
这并非玄学

282
00:11:23,592 --> 00:11:25,009
已有实验支持

283
00:11:25,273 --> 00:11:26,730
神经科学家发现

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00:11:26,873 --> 00:11:31,370
进行正念练习 将注意力集中于当下呼吸与身体感觉

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不追随大脑自动生成的故事 时

286
00:11:34,153 --> 00:11:36,950
负责自我叙事的脑区 默认模式网络

287
00:11:37,112 --> 00:11:38,850
活跃度显著下降

288
00:11:39,192 --> 00:11:42,230
结果便是焦虑减轻 反复琢磨减少

289
00:11:42,513 --> 00:11:44,889
对负面事件的情绪反应减弱

290
00:11:45,072 --> 00:11:46,952
这不是因为你变麻木了

291
00:11:46,952 --> 00:11:51,009
而是那个不断放大痛苦的自我叙事引擎安静了些

292
00:11:51,753 --> 00:11:54,610
因此赛斯的理论不仅是学术探讨

293
00:11:54,633 --> 00:11:56,029
更指向实用洞见

294
00:11:56,753 --> 00:12:00,130
既然 我 从来不是需被保护的固定实体

295
00:12:00,153 --> 00:12:02,450
你就不必死死抓住它不放

296
00:12:02,592 --> 00:12:04,070
你可以更灵活地回应

297
00:12:04,312 --> 00:12:05,631
更开放地体验

298
00:12:05,633 --> 00:12:07,409
更坦然面对变化

299
00:12:08,238 --> 00:12:10,717
但这里有个赛斯未展开的裂缝

300
00:12:10,718 --> 00:12:11,974
值得我们深思

301
00:12:12,238 --> 00:12:14,535
若感知是受控幻觉

302
00:12:14,637 --> 00:12:16,535
自我也是受控幻觉

303
00:12:16,598 --> 00:12:19,834
那意识到这一切是幻觉的 那个东西 又是什么

304
00:12:20,238 --> 00:12:21,234
它也是幻觉吗

305
00:12:21,718 --> 00:12:22,195
若是

306
00:12:22,637 --> 00:12:24,234
谁在意识到它是幻觉

307
00:12:24,757 --> 00:12:25,354
若不是

308
00:12:25,677 --> 00:12:26,714
它又从何而来

309
00:12:27,778 --> 00:12:30,394
赛斯的理论解释了意识的内容

310
00:12:30,498 --> 00:12:32,475
即你体验到的是什么

311
00:12:32,577 --> 00:12:34,754
但 有体验 这件事本身

312
00:12:34,817 --> 00:12:37,075
似乎仍藏在更深处

313
00:12:37,498 --> 00:12:41,256
或许赛斯的受控幻觉理论就像一面镜子

314
00:12:41,258 --> 00:12:42,955
能让你看见自己的脸

315
00:12:42,977 --> 00:12:45,794
却永远无法用它看见镜子本身

316
00:12:46,378 --> 00:12:49,455
意识研究最迷人之处或许正在于此

317
00:12:49,898 --> 00:12:52,554
你永远在用意识研究意识

318
00:12:52,577 --> 00:12:56,274
如同一只手试图抓住自己 把自己拎起来

319
00:12:57,354 --> 00:12:57,990
你觉得呢

320
00:12:58,513 --> 00:13:00,051
如果自我是幻觉

321
00:13:00,074 --> 00:13:02,771
那正在思考 自我是幻觉 的这个东西

322
00:13:02,873 --> 00:13:03,511
又是什么

323
00:13:04,074 --> 00:13:04,830
我是王利杰

324
00:13:04,870 --> 00:13:05,831
我们下期见