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智者大师把佛陀一生说法排成了一张地图

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你有没有遇到过一个特别好的老师

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不是那种照着教案念的

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是那种看着你的眼睛

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就知道你卡在哪里的

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然后换一种方式

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一句话把你点透

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智顗说

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佛陀就是这样的老师

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而且他教学的方法比你想象的要复杂得多

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上一期我们讲了五时

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那是时间维度

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今天讲另一半

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八教

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哈喽

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大家好

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我是王利杰

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上一期我说了一句话

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五时讲完了

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八教留到下一期

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今天来兑现这个承诺

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先简单回顾一下

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五时是一条时间线

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智顗把佛陀一生的说法按时间排了五个阶段

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先讲华严

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太深

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没人听懂

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然后降低难度讲阿含

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再讲方等

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再讲般若

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最后用法华经做了一个总揭示

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这条时间线解决了一个大问题

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几百部看起来互相矛盾的经典

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如果你知道它们是在不同阶段讲的

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矛盾就变成了阶梯

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但时间只是一个维度

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你想象一下这个场面

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一个老师站在讲台上

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下面坐着几十个学生

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同一堂课

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有的人秒懂

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有的人完全听不进去

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老师讲的内容是一样的

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可是每个人接收到的东西完全不同

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这时候你会发现

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光知道这堂课排在第几节是不够的

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你还得知道

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老师用了什么方法在教

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教的内容处在什么深度

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智顗的八教

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解决的就是这两个问题

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八教分成两组

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第一组叫化仪四教

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化仪

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就是教化的方式 方法

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管的是佛陀怎么教

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第一种叫顿教

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直接把最深的东西摆在你面前

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不铺垫

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不打比方

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不绕弯子

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佛陀刚成道的时候用的就是这种方式

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上来就把证悟到的全貌一股脑摊开

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结果呢

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上一期说过了

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在场的大多数人如聋如哑

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就好像你给一个刚学加减法的小孩讲微积分

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他不是不聪明

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是你跳过了太多台阶

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第二种叫渐教

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吸取了教训之后

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一步一步来

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先教最基础的四谛八正道

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再慢慢加深

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从阿含时到方等时到般若时

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走的都是渐教的路

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就像你教一个孩子骑自行车

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你不会一开始就放手

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你先扶着后座

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让他找到平衡的感觉

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再一点一点松手

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第三种叫秘密教

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这个很有意思

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同一番话

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不同的人听到了完全不同的东西

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而且他们互相不知道对方听到了什么

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你以为你和旁边的人上了同一堂课

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其实你们各自接收到了完全不同的教导

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你可能也有过类似的经历

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同一本书

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你和朋友各自读完

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聊起来才发现

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你们好像读的不是同一本

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不是谁读错了

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是每个人的经历不同

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同样的文字在不同的心里激起了不同的东西

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第四种叫不定教

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跟秘密教有点像

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也是同一番话在不同人心里激起了不同的领悟

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区别在于

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这次大家知道彼此听到的不一样

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一个人可能从小乘的角度开悟了

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另一个人要从大乘的角度才恍然大悟

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就好像同一首歌

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有人听到了悲伤

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有人听到了力量

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两个人都没听错

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你看

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光教学方法就有四种

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佛陀不是一个照着教案念的老师

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他随时在观察听众是谁

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然后根据每个人的情况调整策略

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有时候直给

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有时候慢慢来

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有时候表面上说一件事

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实际上在传另一件事

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然后是第二组

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叫化法四教

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如果说化仪管的是怎么教

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化法管的就是教的内容本身有几个深度

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第一层叫藏教

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主要是小乘的基础内容

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四谛 十二因缘 三十七道品

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目标是让你先看清楚苦是怎么回事

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怎么从里面脱出来

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这是入门

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第二层叫通教

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通就是共通

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这一层讲的是空

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一切法没有固定不变的本质

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都是因缘和合才存在的

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这个道理小乘和大乘都认

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所以叫通

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走到这一步

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你不光知道有苦

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还能看到苦的根源

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在于你对一个不存在的固定自我的执著

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第三层叫别教

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别就是特别的别

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这是专属于大乘的内容

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跟小乘分开了

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它讲中道

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讲佛性

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讲菩萨修行要经过的阶位

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但智顗说

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别教虽然讲的是大乘道理

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它的讲法还是有阶梯的

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先理解空

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再理解假有

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最后到中道

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要一步步来

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第四层叫圆教

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圆就是圆满

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在圆教的视角里

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空 假 中不再是三个先后阶段了

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它们本来就是一体的

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你看到空的那一刻

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同时就看到了假和中

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不需要爬楼梯

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不需要先破后立

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当下这一念里

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实相就在那里

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法华经讲的就是圆教

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好

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现在你把五时和八教放在一起看

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五时是时间轴

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告诉你佛陀什么时候讲了什么

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化仪四教是教学策略

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告诉你佛陀用什么方式在教

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化法四教是内容深度

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告诉你他教的东西在哪个层面

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三个维度叠在一起

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任何一部佛经拿过来

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你都能在这套坐标系里找到它的位置

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它是什么时候讲的

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用什么方法讲的

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讲到了哪个深度

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这就是智顗做的事

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这件事在他之前从来没有人做得这么彻底

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印度的佛教徒修了一千多年

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各部派各修各的

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你讲你的阿毗达磨

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我讲我的般若

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井水不犯河水

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虽然也有人尝试过分期

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但很少有人觉得

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需要把佛陀所有的教法

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用一个统一的坐标来组织

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智顗是真正把这件事做成的人

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而且做得极其彻底

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所以后来有人说

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五时八教是中国佛教史上最成熟

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最有影响力的本土原创体系

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原创这两个字很重要

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不是说中国人修改了印度佛法

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佛经一个字都没动

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智顗改的不是内容

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是读法

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他给了你一套全新的方式去阅读和理解所有佛经

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但如果你以为他只是一个做理论的人

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那你就低估他了

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智顗年轻时的一段经历

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决定了他一辈子的方向

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他十八岁出家

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几年之后

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去了大苏山

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拜慧思为师

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慧思是南岳一系的高僧

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修行功夫极深

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慧思对他说

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你去读法华经

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他就去读

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读到药王菩萨本事品的时候

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据说忽然进入了一种极深的定境

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本来只是用眼睛在读文字

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可是在那一刻

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文字消失了

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留下的是一种直接的 无法用语言描述的体验

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我常常想这件事

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一个年轻人坐在灯下读经

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字还是那些字

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纸还是那张纸

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可是读着读着

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忽然之间

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好像有一道门打开了

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他看到了文字背后的东西

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这件事对智顗影响极深

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他后来一辈子做的所有事情

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都在回应同一个问题

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理论和体验之间到底隔着什么

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怎样才能让一个普通人不只是在脑子里理解佛法

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而是像他读药王菩萨本事品那一刻一样

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真的体验到

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他的答案叫止观

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止

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是让你的心安定下来

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不是什么都不想

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是让那些纷飞的念头慢慢沉淀

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你可以想象一杯浑水

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你不搅它

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沙子会自己沉到底下

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水慢慢就清了

243
00:08:39,575 --> 00:08:39,768
观

244
00:08:40,256 --> 00:08:42,589
是在心安定之后去看

245
00:08:43,175 --> 00:08:43,728
看什么

246
00:08:44,416 --> 00:08:45,988
看你当下这一念

247
00:08:46,416 --> 00:08:48,008
这一念是怎么生起的

248
00:08:48,656 --> 00:08:49,528
它带着什么

249
00:08:50,095 --> 00:08:52,768
它跟你面前的整个世界是什么关系

250
00:08:54,164 --> 00:08:55,737
智顗坚持一件事

251
00:08:56,164 --> 00:08:58,217
止和观必须同时练

252
00:08:58,483 --> 00:08:59,676
光练止不练观

253
00:08:59,963 --> 00:09:01,656
你的心可能很安静

254
00:09:01,684 --> 00:09:03,056
但什么也看不到

255
00:09:03,404 --> 00:09:06,257
就像一个人闭着眼睛站在悬崖边上

256
00:09:06,763 --> 00:09:07,556
他很平静

257
00:09:07,924 --> 00:09:09,737
可他不知道自己站在哪里

258
00:09:10,044 --> 00:09:11,656
光练观不练止

259
00:09:11,723 --> 00:09:13,816
你看到的东西太多太杂

260
00:09:13,843 --> 00:09:14,977
心会受不了

261
00:09:15,363 --> 00:09:17,936
就像睁着眼睛在暴风雨里走路

262
00:09:18,404 --> 00:09:19,357
什么都看见了

263
00:09:19,564 --> 00:09:20,656
但你站不稳

264
00:09:21,243 --> 00:09:22,617
止是地基

265
00:09:23,044 --> 00:09:24,776
观是上面盖的房子

266
00:09:25,084 --> 00:09:25,916
两个在一起

267
00:09:26,243 --> 00:09:27,740
才叫完整的修行

268
00:09:28,126 --> 00:09:30,220
他把这套方法整理了下来

269
00:09:30,567 --> 00:09:32,580
有一部书叫摩诃止观

270
00:09:32,846 --> 00:09:34,500
不是智顗自己写的

271
00:09:34,646 --> 00:09:36,365
是他的弟子灌顶

272
00:09:36,366 --> 00:09:39,179
根据他晚年在玉泉寺讲学的内容

273
00:09:39,207 --> 00:09:40,779
记录整理而成的

274
00:09:41,006 --> 00:09:43,299
从怎么坐 怎么调呼吸

275
00:09:43,366 --> 00:09:46,860
到修行中可能遇到的各种状况该如何应对

276
00:09:46,966 --> 00:09:48,299
写得非常具体

277
00:09:48,407 --> 00:09:50,790
就像一部实修手册

278
00:09:51,098 --> 00:09:54,751
这一点让天台宗跟很多宗派拉开了距离

279
00:09:55,017 --> 00:09:57,710
有些宗派讲理论讲得非常漂亮

280
00:09:58,218 --> 00:09:59,050
体系完整

281
00:09:59,417 --> 00:10:00,550
逻辑严密

282
00:10:00,897 --> 00:10:01,731
但你要问一句

283
00:10:02,017 --> 00:10:03,531
我今天回家该怎么练

284
00:10:04,178 --> 00:10:05,350
说不太清楚

285
00:10:05,738 --> 00:10:07,190
天台宗不是这样

286
00:10:07,497 --> 00:10:10,190
智顗给你的不只是一张思想地图

287
00:10:10,657 --> 00:10:12,950
他同时给你一条可以走的路

288
00:10:13,297 --> 00:10:14,830
地图告诉你方向

289
00:10:15,017 --> 00:10:17,310
止观告诉你脚该怎么迈

290
00:10:18,111 --> 00:10:19,044
你想想看

291
00:10:19,511 --> 00:10:22,564
这种理论和实修两手都硬的人

292
00:10:22,751 --> 00:10:24,723
在历史上非常少见

293
00:10:25,070 --> 00:10:28,723
很多人要么擅长建构理论但自己不怎么修行

294
00:10:28,950 --> 00:10:30,424
要么修行功夫很深

295
00:10:30,871 --> 00:10:32,510
但没办法把体验

296
00:10:32,511 --> 00:10:34,363
变成别人也能走的路

297
00:10:34,751 --> 00:10:36,684
智顗两边都做到了

298
00:10:37,151 --> 00:10:39,404
这大概跟他自己的经历有关

299
00:10:39,830 --> 00:10:42,243
他不是凭空想出来的理论

300
00:10:42,511 --> 00:10:46,164
他是先有了那个读法华经时的直接体验

301
00:10:46,351 --> 00:10:51,415
然后花了一辈子去建构一条让别人也能走到那里的路

302
00:10:51,762 --> 00:10:52,695
说到这里

303
00:10:52,803 --> 00:10:56,015
我想点一个天台宗里特别有名的概念

304
00:10:56,443 --> 00:10:58,096
叫一念三千

305
00:10:58,523 --> 00:10:59,155
这个概念

306
00:10:59,443 --> 00:11:01,161
我在意识哲思系列

307
00:11:01,163 --> 00:11:02,535
已经做过一期

308
00:11:02,602 --> 00:11:05,736
非常详细的现代科学视角解读了

309
00:11:06,203 --> 00:11:07,015
简单说

310
00:11:07,242 --> 00:11:11,736
你当下的一个念头里就包含了三千种世界的可能性

311
00:11:12,283 --> 00:11:14,096
在这里我就不展开了

312
00:11:14,443 --> 00:11:17,844
感兴趣的朋友可以去找那一期看

313
00:11:18,311 --> 00:11:19,763
回到天台宗本身

314
00:11:20,110 --> 00:11:23,043
智顗完成五时八教这套体系之后

315
00:11:23,071 --> 00:11:24,923
有一个直接的历史后果

316
00:11:25,270 --> 00:11:28,403
法华经被推到了一个前所未有的位置

317
00:11:28,791 --> 00:11:31,283
法华经方便品里有这么一段话

318
00:11:31,750 --> 00:11:32,704
十方佛土中

319
00:11:33,110 --> 00:11:34,443
唯有一乘法

320
00:11:34,510 --> 00:11:36,043
无二亦无三

321
00:11:36,510 --> 00:11:38,043
除佛方便说

322
00:11:38,356 --> 00:11:38,823
什么意思

323
00:11:39,510 --> 00:11:41,263
十方所有佛的国土里面

324
00:11:41,590 --> 00:11:42,724
只有一个法

325
00:11:43,031 --> 00:11:45,204
没有第二个也没有第三个

326
00:11:45,470 --> 00:11:46,909
看起来有好几个

327
00:11:46,911 --> 00:11:50,527
那都是佛为了方便众生才拆开来说的

328
00:11:50,954 --> 00:11:51,993
法师品里

329
00:11:51,993 --> 00:11:54,326
佛陀对药王菩萨说了这么一句话

330
00:11:54,673 --> 00:11:57,007
我所说经典无量千万亿

331
00:11:57,114 --> 00:11:59,407
已说 今说 当说

332
00:11:59,513 --> 00:12:00,346
而于其中

333
00:12:00,714 --> 00:12:03,326
此法华经最为难信难解

334
00:12:03,673 --> 00:12:04,426
过去说的

335
00:12:04,633 --> 00:12:05,387
现在说的

336
00:12:05,554 --> 00:12:06,713
将来要说的

337
00:12:06,714 --> 00:12:08,487
无量无边的经典里面

338
00:12:08,554 --> 00:12:11,527
法华经是最难信 最难理解的

339
00:12:11,873 --> 00:12:13,806
智顗的五时八教体系

340
00:12:13,834 --> 00:12:16,686
等于用一整套理论来证明了这一点

341
00:12:16,954 --> 00:12:19,966
法华经被放在五时的最后一时

342
00:12:19,993 --> 00:12:22,367
化法四教的最高层圆教

343
00:12:22,633 --> 00:12:24,566
它就是整个体系的塔尖

344
00:12:24,913 --> 00:12:27,487
不是法华经自己宣称自己重要

345
00:12:28,273 --> 00:12:31,726
是当你把所有经典放进这个坐标系之后会发现

346
00:12:31,834 --> 00:12:34,086
其他所有经讲的都是局部

347
00:12:34,273 --> 00:12:36,407
只有法华经讲的是全貌

348
00:12:36,834 --> 00:12:37,627
所以后人说

349
00:12:37,993 --> 00:12:39,806
法华经是经中之王

350
00:12:40,153 --> 00:12:42,127
这个地位不是凭空来的

351
00:12:42,474 --> 00:12:45,592
它是智顗的判教体系一手推上去的

352
00:12:45,898 --> 00:12:46,252
当然

353
00:12:46,459 --> 00:12:48,191
这个判断是可以争论的

354
00:12:48,339 --> 00:12:49,951
上一期我们也讲过

355
00:12:50,018 --> 00:12:52,712
华严宗后来做了自己的判教方案

356
00:12:52,819 --> 00:12:55,031
把华严经放在了最高处

357
00:12:55,378 --> 00:12:57,632
每个宗派都有自己的地图

358
00:12:57,858 --> 00:13:00,311
每张地图上最高的那座山

359
00:13:00,419 --> 00:13:02,512
总是自己家门前那座

360
00:13:02,778 --> 00:13:04,657
这个张力上一期说过了

361
00:13:04,659 --> 00:13:06,071
我在这里不重复

362
00:13:06,258 --> 00:13:07,431
我想说的是

363
00:13:07,459 --> 00:13:09,831
不管你同不同意天台宗的结论

364
00:13:09,858 --> 00:13:14,091
你不得不承认智顗做成了一件了不起的事

365
00:13:14,437 --> 00:13:15,410
在他之前

366
00:13:15,557 --> 00:13:18,410
中国的僧人面对佛经是散的

367
00:13:18,717 --> 00:13:21,171
南北各家虽然也有自己的判教

368
00:13:21,237 --> 00:13:22,610
但说法纷杂

369
00:13:22,837 --> 00:13:24,610
谁也没能让大家信服

370
00:13:24,998 --> 00:13:27,770
每个人凭自己的机缘精读几部

371
00:13:27,878 --> 00:13:29,571
凭自己的理解去修

372
00:13:30,038 --> 00:13:30,870
方向对不对

373
00:13:31,158 --> 00:13:32,130
没人知道

374
00:13:32,717 --> 00:13:33,390
在他之后

375
00:13:33,798 --> 00:13:35,610
至少有了一个参照系

376
00:13:36,038 --> 00:13:39,250
好比在一片旷野上立起了第一根柱子

377
00:13:39,678 --> 00:13:42,250
这根柱子立的位置未必精确

378
00:13:42,678 --> 00:13:44,211
但有了第一根柱子

379
00:13:44,278 --> 00:13:46,091
后面的人就有了方向

380
00:13:46,518 --> 00:13:48,010
可以顺着它校准

381
00:13:48,118 --> 00:13:50,451
也可以反对它 另立一根

382
00:13:50,998 --> 00:13:52,726
但起点有了

383
00:13:53,033 --> 00:13:55,525
回到这个系列一直在追问的那个问题

384
00:13:56,033 --> 00:13:57,366
每往前走一步

385
00:13:57,393 --> 00:14:00,631
是离佛陀在菩提树下看到的东西更近了

386
00:14:00,632 --> 00:14:01,765
还是更远了

387
00:14:02,112 --> 00:14:03,685
我反复想了很久

388
00:14:04,033 --> 00:14:07,045
佛陀在菩提树下看到的东西是活的

389
00:14:07,393 --> 00:14:08,726
他没有坐标系

390
00:14:08,992 --> 00:14:10,765
他看到了大地本身

391
00:14:11,352 --> 00:14:14,645
智顗把那片大地画成了一套精密的坐标

392
00:14:14,952 --> 00:14:17,165
坐标让后来的人不再迷路

393
00:14:17,393 --> 00:14:19,235
但坐标不是大地

394
00:14:19,543 --> 00:14:21,101
佛陀面对每一个人

395
00:14:21,102 --> 00:14:23,755
说的是那个人此刻最需要听的话

396
00:14:24,102 --> 00:14:27,795
每一次对话都是当下的 鲜活的 一次性的

397
00:14:28,102 --> 00:14:30,836
智顗把这些对话整理成了一个体系

398
00:14:31,143 --> 00:14:33,915
体系让千年的积累有了秩序

399
00:14:34,183 --> 00:14:35,135
可那份鲜活

400
00:14:35,462 --> 00:14:36,956
难免丢掉了一些

401
00:14:37,303 --> 00:14:38,635
不过话说回来

402
00:14:38,663 --> 00:14:40,115
如果没有这套坐标

403
00:14:40,183 --> 00:14:42,875
后来的人恐怕连方向都找不到

404
00:14:43,222 --> 00:14:44,915
你必须先有一张地图

405
00:14:44,942 --> 00:14:47,476
才能出发去感受真正的大地

406
00:14:47,783 --> 00:14:49,515
这是一个无解的悖论

407
00:14:49,783 --> 00:14:53,051
你得用框架去理解超越框架的东西

408
00:14:53,519 --> 00:14:55,078
在智顗的体系里

409
00:14:55,078 --> 00:14:57,291
有一件事特别值得你注意

410
00:14:57,519 --> 00:15:00,732
他把华严经放在五时的第一个位置

411
00:15:01,118 --> 00:15:04,131
佛陀成道之后最先讲的就是华严

412
00:15:04,639 --> 00:15:05,312
太深了

413
00:15:05,718 --> 00:15:07,692
所以才不得不降低层次

414
00:15:07,998 --> 00:15:10,411
可是华严宗自己的人不这么看

415
00:15:10,799 --> 00:15:11,472
他们觉得

416
00:15:11,838 --> 00:15:14,291
华严之所以最先被讲出来

417
00:15:14,319 --> 00:15:17,291
不是因为它太深了导致教学失败

418
00:15:17,679 --> 00:15:18,732
恰恰相反

419
00:15:19,039 --> 00:15:23,332
华严代表的是佛陀最原初 最圆满的那个视角

420
00:15:23,759 --> 00:15:27,332
在一切分层 分阶段 分深浅之前

421
00:15:27,478 --> 00:15:28,411
有一个东西

422
00:15:28,919 --> 00:15:31,815
那个东西就是华严的世界观

423
00:15:32,402 --> 00:15:33,955
那个世界观到底是什么

424
00:15:34,402 --> 00:15:36,995
一滴水里怎么就能看到整片大海

425
00:15:37,642 --> 00:15:40,475
一面镜子怎么能同时映出所有的镜子

426
00:15:41,123 --> 00:15:43,416
法界缘起这四个字背后

427
00:15:43,483 --> 00:15:45,156
到底藏着一幅多大的画

428
00:15:45,682 --> 00:15:47,665
这些问题留到下一期

429
00:15:48,154 --> 00:15:50,954
你觉得智顗这套五时八教的体系

430
00:15:51,023 --> 00:15:53,270
对修行是帮助还是束缚

431
00:15:53,851 --> 00:15:56,635
把所有佛经装进一个框架里

432
00:15:56,636 --> 00:15:58,555
这是读佛经的正确方式吗

433
00:15:59,054 --> 00:16:00,297
说说你的想法

434
00:16:00,612 --> 00:16:01,300
我是王利杰

435
00:16:01,594 --> 00:16:02,461
我们下期见