1
00:00:00,333 --> 00:00:01,533
弑父的国王

2
00:00:01,566 --> 00:00:03,333
成了佛陀最重要的护法

3
00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:05,300
有一个画面

4
00:00:05,300 --> 00:00:06,700
两千五百年了

5
00:00:06,700 --> 00:00:08,500
我一直觉得它让人难以消化

6
00:00:09,100 --> 00:00:10,133
一个国王

7
00:00:10,133 --> 00:00:11,766
被他的儿子关进了地牢

8
00:00:12,633 --> 00:00:13,566
这个儿子

9
00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:14,700
是他最疼爱的孩子

10
00:00:15,500 --> 00:00:16,500
他的王后

11
00:00:16,533 --> 00:00:18,833
据说把食物藏在首饰里

12
00:00:18,833 --> 00:00:20,433
把蜂蜜涂在身上

13
00:00:20,433 --> 00:00:21,900
偷偷进到牢里

14
00:00:21,933 --> 00:00:23,200
让国王舔食

15
00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:24,100
以维持一口气

16
00:00:25,100 --> 00:00:26,300
儿子发现了

17
00:00:26,300 --> 00:00:26,966
大怒

18
00:00:26,966 --> 00:00:28,400
拔刀要杀母亲

19
00:00:28,433 --> 00:00:29,666
被大臣们拼命劝下

20
00:00:30,433 --> 00:00:31,466
但从此

21
00:00:31,466 --> 00:00:32,766
王后再也进不去了

22
00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:36,333
据说儿子又命人割破了国王的脚底

23
00:00:36,366 --> 00:00:38,166
让他无法直立行走

24
00:00:38,166 --> 00:00:41,200
连靠自身力量维系体力的可能都被切断了

25
00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:43,300
最后这个国王

26
00:00:43,300 --> 00:00:44,033
就这样

27
00:00:44,066 --> 00:00:46,833
在自己国家、自己儿子的牢狱里

28
00:00:46,866 --> 00:00:47,433
消耗殆尽

29
00:00:48,166 --> 00:00:50,500
这个国王叫频婆娑罗

30
00:00:50,533 --> 00:00:53,166
摩揭陀国最重要的国王之一

31
00:00:53,166 --> 00:00:56,033
也是佛陀最早、最重要的王室护法

32
00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:58,066
杀了他的

33
00:00:58,066 --> 00:00:59,400
是他自己的儿子

34
00:00:59,433 --> 00:00:59,866
阿阇世

35
00:01:00,866 --> 00:01:02,666
而更让人想不通的是

36
00:01:02,666 --> 00:01:05,700
阿阇世后来成了佛教历史上举足轻重的护法

37
00:01:06,566 --> 00:01:08,466
正是在他的支持下

38
00:01:08,466 --> 00:01:12,766
佛陀入灭之后的第一次结集才得以发生

39
00:01:12,766 --> 00:01:15,166
佛法的第一次系统整理才得以完成

40
00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:16,933
弑父者

41
00:01:16,933 --> 00:01:18,233
成了传法的关键人物

42
00:01:18,933 --> 00:01:19,800
这期节目

43
00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:21,566
我想讲这背后那段历史

44
00:01:21,566 --> 00:01:25,300
佛法走出森林、走进宫廷的故事

45
00:01:25,300 --> 00:01:29,300
一个关于权力、慈悲、悔恨与机构化的故事

46
00:01:30,266 --> 00:01:30,800
哈喽

47
00:01:30,833 --> 00:01:31,666
大家好

48
00:01:31,700 --> 00:01:32,233
我是王利杰

49
00:01:33,233 --> 00:01:34,466
在开始之前

50
00:01:34,466 --> 00:01:35,900
先简单回扣一下上一集

51
00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:39,333
我们讲了佛陀最亲密的侍者阿难

52
00:01:39,333 --> 00:01:42,500
和他最大的对立面提婆达多

53
00:01:42,533 --> 00:01:45,033
说到僧团内部两种截然不同的执着

54
00:01:45,633 --> 00:01:48,233
一种是对情感关系的执着

55
00:01:48,233 --> 00:01:50,100
一种是对地位权力的执着

56
00:01:50,900 --> 00:01:52,233
我在结尾留了一个问题

57
00:01:52,266 --> 00:01:56,566
当佛陀的僧团开始和外部的权力打交道

58
00:01:56,566 --> 00:01:59,366
内部这些张力会往哪里去

59
00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:00,933
今天我们就来看

60
00:02:00,933 --> 00:02:02,200
王权进来之后

61
00:02:02,233 --> 00:02:02,933
发生了什么

62
00:02:03,566 --> 00:02:04,866
先把时间调回去

63
00:02:04,866 --> 00:02:07,033
回到悉达多还不是佛陀的那个时候

64
00:02:07,900 --> 00:02:09,300
悉达多出家之后

65
00:02:09,300 --> 00:02:10,800
在印度各地游历

66
00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:12,700
向各种修行者拜师学艺

67
00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:14,533
他的名声

68
00:02:14,533 --> 00:02:17,766
渐渐传开了 - 有人说他仪表出众

69
00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,600
有人说他内在有某种安静的力量

70
00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:22,300
和普通的苦行僧不一样

71
00:02:23,333 --> 00:02:24,166
有一天

72
00:02:24,166 --> 00:02:26,800
他走进了摩揭陀国的首都王舍城

73
00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:28,533
一边托钵一边向前走

74
00:02:29,333 --> 00:02:31,433
有人在远处注意到了他

75
00:02:31,466 --> 00:02:32,366
这个人

76
00:02:32,366 --> 00:02:34,200
是摩揭陀国的国王

77
00:02:34,233 --> 00:02:34,900
频婆娑罗

78
00:02:35,900 --> 00:02:36,933
史书里说

79
00:02:36,966 --> 00:02:40,700
频婆娑罗在宫殿高处看到这个托钵的年轻僧人

80
00:02:40,700 --> 00:02:41,933
被他的仪态震撼了

81
00:02:42,733 --> 00:02:44,700
不是普通乞讨者的委顿

82
00:02:44,700 --> 00:02:46,433
而是一种难以言说的庄严

83
00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:48,700
国王派人打听

84
00:02:48,733 --> 00:02:49,633
使者回来说

85
00:02:50,066 --> 00:02:54,366
这个人可能是来自喜马拉雅山脚下释迦族的王族出身

86
00:02:54,366 --> 00:02:54,900
出家不久

87
00:02:55,833 --> 00:02:57,933
频婆娑罗决定亲自去见他

88
00:02:59,133 --> 00:03:01,500
按照巴利文律藏里的记载

89
00:03:01,533 --> 00:03:04,566
国王找到了正在山上独坐的悉达多

90
00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:05,600
两个人说了一段话

91
00:03:06,366 --> 00:03:07,300
国王说

92
00:03:07,333 --> 00:03:08,233
你年轻

93
00:03:08,233 --> 00:03:09,366
仪表不凡

94
00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:10,566
看起来出身不低

95
00:03:11,566 --> 00:03:13,500
我可以给你军队和土地

96
00:03:13,500 --> 00:03:14,300
你来为我效力

97
00:03:15,333 --> 00:03:16,266
悉达多谢绝了

98
00:03:17,233 --> 00:03:18,033
国王问

99
00:03:18,066 --> 00:03:19,633
那你在追求什么

100
00:03:19,733 --> 00:03:20,933
悉达多说

101
00:03:20,933 --> 00:03:23,100
我在寻找解脱生死的答案

102
00:03:24,933 --> 00:03:26,733
频婆娑罗沉默了一下

103
00:03:26,733 --> 00:03:27,866
然后说

104
00:03:27,866 --> 00:03:29,666
如果你有一天找到了

105
00:03:29,700 --> 00:03:30,633
请先来告诉我

106
00:03:31,300 --> 00:03:32,000
这是一个约定

107
00:03:32,933 --> 00:03:35,633
一个国王和一个游方僧之间的约定

108
00:03:36,433 --> 00:03:37,366
六年后

109
00:03:37,366 --> 00:03:39,633
悉达多在菩提树下觉悟

110
00:03:39,666 --> 00:03:40,266
成了佛陀

111
00:03:41,066 --> 00:03:41,966
他记得那个约定

112
00:03:42,633 --> 00:03:46,266
在初转法轮、度化了第一批弟子之后

113
00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:48,166
他带着僧团南下

114
00:03:48,166 --> 00:03:49,400
来到王舍城

115
00:03:49,433 --> 00:03:50,233
履行那个承诺

116
00:03:51,133 --> 00:03:53,666
频婆娑罗王亲自出城迎接

117
00:03:53,700 --> 00:03:55,566
接受了佛陀的教法

118
00:03:55,566 --> 00:03:56,733
皈依三宝

119
00:03:56,733 --> 00:03:57,866
成为在家居士

120
00:03:58,833 --> 00:04:01,900
然后他做了一件改变佛教历史走向的事

121
00:04:01,900 --> 00:04:05,466
他把一片竹林连同旁边的土地

122
00:04:05,500 --> 00:04:06,700
送给了佛陀的僧团

123
00:04:07,533 --> 00:04:08,566
这片竹林

124
00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:11,633
就是佛教历史上第一座寺院的前身

125
00:04:11,633 --> 00:04:12,233
竹林精舍

126
00:04:12,733 --> 00:04:13,766
我们想想

127
00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:15,633
竹林精舍出现之前

128
00:04:15,633 --> 00:04:17,066
佛陀的僧团是什么状态

129
00:04:17,866 --> 00:04:18,733
一群人

130
00:04:18,733 --> 00:04:19,733
三衣一钵

131
00:04:19,733 --> 00:04:21,300
没有固定住所

132
00:04:21,333 --> 00:04:22,566
托钵为食

133
00:04:22,566 --> 00:04:24,000
跟着佛陀四处行走

134
00:04:24,966 --> 00:04:27,433
雨季按规定驻足三个月

135
00:04:27,433 --> 00:04:30,366
因为雨季道路泥泞容易踩死虫子

136
00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:32,266
叫做雨安居

137
00:04:32,300 --> 00:04:33,333
旱季继续行脚

138
00:04:33,966 --> 00:04:35,533
他们不储存食物

139
00:04:35,533 --> 00:04:37,133
当天布施当天吃完

140
00:04:38,100 --> 00:04:39,566
他们不拥有建筑

141
00:04:39,566 --> 00:04:41,633
哪里有缘分就在哪里停

142
00:04:41,633 --> 00:04:42,633
没了就换地方

143
00:04:43,566 --> 00:04:44,966
这是极简的状态

144
00:04:44,966 --> 00:04:46,033
彻底流动的状态

145
00:04:46,866 --> 00:04:48,200
这种流动状态

146
00:04:48,233 --> 00:04:50,233
和佛陀讲的无常、无我

147
00:04:50,233 --> 00:04:51,166
完全是一致的

148
00:04:52,633 --> 00:04:54,466
你连固定住址都没有

149
00:04:54,500 --> 00:04:56,100
想执着于什么

150
00:04:56,300 --> 00:04:58,266
但竹林精舍出现之后

151
00:04:58,300 --> 00:04:59,800
一切开始悄悄变化

152
00:05:00,633 --> 00:05:03,000
现在他们有了固定居住的地方

153
00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:05,033
可以储存少量物资

154
00:05:05,066 --> 00:05:06,833
可以接待在家居士

155
00:05:06,833 --> 00:05:09,033
可以更系统地安排修行和教学

156
00:05:09,966 --> 00:05:11,466
国王提供保护

157
00:05:11,466 --> 00:05:15,866
他的名声让当地官员不敢随便驱逐这群僧侣

158
00:05:15,900 --> 00:05:18,033
施主们有了固定的地方来做布施

159
00:05:19,033 --> 00:05:19,833
物质上

160
00:05:19,866 --> 00:05:21,100
这是一个巨大的跃升

161
00:05:22,433 --> 00:05:23,266
本质上

162
00:05:23,300 --> 00:05:24,800
这是一次不可逆的质变

163
00:05:25,733 --> 00:05:26,933
佛陀的僧团

164
00:05:26,933 --> 00:05:28,500
从这一刻开始

165
00:05:28,533 --> 00:05:29,933
从一个游方运动

166
00:05:29,933 --> 00:05:31,933
变成了一个有固定根据地的机构

167
00:05:32,866 --> 00:05:34,200
机构一旦产生

168
00:05:34,233 --> 00:05:35,666
就有了自己的生命逻辑

169
00:05:36,500 --> 00:05:38,366
你必须维护这个地方

170
00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:41,200
必须和赞助者保持良好关系

171
00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:45,200
必须考虑这座建筑和这片土地的将来

172
00:05:45,200 --> 00:05:47,300
必须思考如果国王换了人

173
00:05:47,933 --> 00:05:49,933
下一任国王不信佛该怎么办

174
00:05:50,766 --> 00:05:52,266
这些不是坏事

175
00:05:52,300 --> 00:05:54,833
这是任何机构都必须面对的现实

176
00:05:56,233 --> 00:06:00,733
但它带来了一种之前完全不存在的张力：修行的目标

177
00:06:00,733 --> 00:06:02,266
和机构的生存

178
00:06:02,300 --> 00:06:04,133
遵循的是完全不同的逻辑

179
00:06:04,933 --> 00:06:06,566
修行的目标是放下一切

180
00:06:07,433 --> 00:06:09,333
机构的生存需要抓住一些东西

181
00:06:09,933 --> 00:06:11,133
这个矛盾

182
00:06:11,133 --> 00:06:13,100
在频婆娑罗王活着的时候

183
00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:15,733
被他的慷慨和虔诚暂时掩盖了

184
00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:18,033
国王定期来访

185
00:06:18,033 --> 00:06:19,000
带着布施

186
00:06:19,033 --> 00:06:19,966
带着问题

187
00:06:19,966 --> 00:06:20,600
认真在学

188
00:06:21,633 --> 00:06:23,066
他和佛陀的关系

189
00:06:23,100 --> 00:06:26,500
超越了普通赞助者与被赞助者之间的距离

190
00:06:26,533 --> 00:06:29,133
更像一位真诚的学人与老师之间的连接

191
00:06:30,133 --> 00:06:31,900
但是权力有自己的轨道

192
00:06:32,966 --> 00:06:34,733
这里必须提一个人

193
00:06:34,766 --> 00:06:36,566
上一集讲过的：提婆达多

194
00:06:37,466 --> 00:06:39,966
提婆达多是佛陀的堂兄弟

195
00:06:39,966 --> 00:06:41,266
出家后修行

196
00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:43,000
据说定力不浅

197
00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:44,800
但他最大的心结是地位

198
00:06:45,633 --> 00:06:49,000
他多次请求佛陀把僧团领导权交给他

199
00:06:49,033 --> 00:06:49,566
都被拒绝

200
00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:52,600
于是他走向了另一条路

201
00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:56,466
去找了一个政治盟友：频婆娑罗王的太子

202
00:06:56,466 --> 00:06:56,966
阿阇世

203
00:06:58,033 --> 00:07:02,766
提婆达多对阿阇世说的大意是：你父亲正值壮年

204
00:07:02,766 --> 00:07:05,500
你还要等多少年才能成为国王

205
00:07:05,700 --> 00:07:06,333
而我

206
00:07:06,366 --> 00:07:09,166
被老迈的佛陀拒绝了我应得的位置

207
00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:11,833
我们可以合作

208
00:07:11,833 --> 00:07:13,200
你除掉你父亲

209
00:07:13,233 --> 00:07:14,633
我取代佛陀

210
00:07:14,633 --> 00:07:15,866
你做新国王

211
00:07:15,900 --> 00:07:16,700
我做新教主

212
00:07:17,133 --> 00:07:19,933
这是权力逻辑最赤裸的表达

213
00:07:19,933 --> 00:07:20,966
没有遮掩

214
00:07:20,966 --> 00:07:21,633
没有修饰

215
00:07:22,533 --> 00:07:23,766
阿阇世被说动了

216
00:07:24,633 --> 00:07:25,966
他去行刺父亲

217
00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:26,533
被发现了

218
00:07:27,300 --> 00:07:29,533
频婆娑罗王没有处死他

219
00:07:29,566 --> 00:07:30,833
而是选择让位

220
00:07:30,833 --> 00:07:31,833
把王位交给他

221
00:07:32,666 --> 00:07:34,066
但事情没有就此结束

222
00:07:35,066 --> 00:07:35,966
不久之后

223
00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:38,233
阿阇世把父亲投入了监狱

224
00:07:38,266 --> 00:07:40,033
也就是我们开头讲的那段

225
00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:41,700
那个牢狱里的慢慢消耗

226
00:07:42,633 --> 00:07:43,766
与此同时

227
00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:45,500
提婆达多那边也在行动

228
00:07:46,266 --> 00:07:49,000
他雇了杀手去刺杀佛陀

229
00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:51,166
但那些杀手见到佛陀之后

230
00:07:51,166 --> 00:07:53,266
反而被他的气场折服

231
00:07:53,300 --> 00:07:54,200
一个也没有动手

232
00:07:55,066 --> 00:07:57,466
提婆达多只好亲自出马

233
00:07:57,933 --> 00:08:01,366
在佛陀经过的山道上推落一块大石头

234
00:08:01,366 --> 00:08:03,133
结果只伤到了佛陀的脚趾

235
00:08:04,166 --> 00:08:06,466
他又放出一头叫做护财的大象

236
00:08:06,666 --> 00:08:08,966
打算用大象踩死佛陀

237
00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:10,400
大象走近了

238
00:08:10,433 --> 00:08:11,966
竟然也停了下来

239
00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:13,033
没有伤害佛陀

240
00:08:13,866 --> 00:08:15,466
整个计划彻底失败

241
00:08:16,033 --> 00:08:18,866
提婆达多最终众叛亲离

242
00:08:18,900 --> 00:08:21,833
在历史上留下了一个最失败的造反者的名字

243
00:08:22,700 --> 00:08:24,200
而频婆娑罗王

244
00:08:24,233 --> 00:08:26,200
就在这段时间里

245
00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:28,100
在自己儿子的牢狱中

246
00:08:28,133 --> 00:08:29,833
消耗掉了生命的最后时光

247
00:08:30,700 --> 00:08:33,200
阿阇世成了摩揭陀国新的国王

248
00:08:34,033 --> 00:08:35,033
但他心里

249
00:08:35,066 --> 00:08:35,566
有一根刺

250
00:08:36,933 --> 00:08:38,433
按照佛教的分类

251
00:08:38,433 --> 00:08:39,866
弑父是五逆罪之一

252
00:08:40,533 --> 00:08:41,733
五逆是什么

253
00:08:41,900 --> 00:08:46,900
弑父、弑母、杀阿罗汉、出佛身血、破和合僧

254
00:08:47,933 --> 00:08:50,033
做了这五件事的任何一件

255
00:08:50,033 --> 00:08:51,533
按照传统说法

256
00:08:51,533 --> 00:08:53,600
将来必入最深的地狱

257
00:08:53,633 --> 00:08:55,000
而且没有解脱的可能

258
00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:57,966
这不只是一个宗教概念

259
00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:02,066
这是那个时代整个精神生态里对弑父者的最重审判

260
00:09:03,066 --> 00:09:04,200
阿阇世四处求问

261
00:09:05,066 --> 00:09:06,933
他找过耆那教的领袖

262
00:09:06,966 --> 00:09:08,700
找过婆罗门的学者

263
00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:10,300
问他们弑父这件事

264
00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:11,566
有没有解脱的可能

265
00:09:13,066 --> 00:09:14,633
他们给出各种答案

266
00:09:14,666 --> 00:09:16,133
有的说没关系

267
00:09:16,133 --> 00:09:18,766
有的说要做很多功德来弥补

268
00:09:18,766 --> 00:09:21,100
但没有一个答案让他真正安下心来

269
00:09:21,966 --> 00:09:22,733
最后

270
00:09:22,733 --> 00:09:25,000
他的御医耆婆劝他去见佛陀

271
00:09:26,066 --> 00:09:27,166
耆婆说

272
00:09:27,166 --> 00:09:29,766
佛陀才是真正能回答你这个问题的人

273
00:09:30,266 --> 00:09:30,966
阿阇世犹豫

274
00:09:31,700 --> 00:09:32,433
他知道

275
00:09:32,466 --> 00:09:34,200
自己和提婆达多的联盟

276
00:09:34,200 --> 00:09:36,133
曾经是针对佛陀的

277
00:09:36,166 --> 00:09:39,066
自己的父亲是佛陀最重要的护法

278
00:09:39,100 --> 00:09:40,433
而他杀了自己的父亲

279
00:09:41,066 --> 00:09:43,200
他有什么资格去见佛陀

280
00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:45,966
佛陀会不会见到他就把他轰出去

281
00:09:46,166 --> 00:09:46,966
但他还是去了

282
00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:48,700
这次见面

283
00:09:48,700 --> 00:09:52,800
被记录在巴利文大藏经里一部重要的经典里

284
00:09:52,800 --> 00:09:54,633
叫做沙门果经

285
00:09:54,666 --> 00:09:55,833
是长部的第二经

286
00:09:56,633 --> 00:09:57,966
这部经记录的

287
00:09:58,000 --> 00:10:00,866
是一个国王和一位觉者之间的深夜对话

288
00:10:01,700 --> 00:10:03,700
他们来到佛陀所在的地方

289
00:10:03,700 --> 00:10:05,033
发现周围一片寂静

290
00:10:06,466 --> 00:10:08,333
阿阇世感到奇怪

291
00:10:08,333 --> 00:10:09,500
偌大的僧团

292
00:10:09,533 --> 00:10:11,200
怎么会没有声音

293
00:10:11,300 --> 00:10:12,500
他有点担心

294
00:10:12,533 --> 00:10:14,766
这会不会是什么陷阱

295
00:10:14,933 --> 00:10:16,800
耆婆指向远处的灯光

296
00:10:16,833 --> 00:10:17,500
说

297
00:10:17,500 --> 00:10:19,733
那就是佛陀在说法的地方

298
00:10:19,766 --> 00:10:20,233
没有陷阱

299
00:10:20,900 --> 00:10:21,866
他们走近

300
00:10:21,900 --> 00:10:22,900
国王行了礼

301
00:10:22,900 --> 00:10:23,866
坐下来

302
00:10:23,900 --> 00:10:25,966
然后问了一个精心设计的问题

303
00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:27,333
他说

304
00:10:27,333 --> 00:10:30,166
那些婆罗门、苦行师、哲学家

305
00:10:30,666 --> 00:10:34,700
我问他们出家修行在今世有什么实际的好处

306
00:10:34,733 --> 00:10:36,433
他们的答案都让我不满意

307
00:10:37,266 --> 00:10:38,000
佛陀

308
00:10:38,033 --> 00:10:39,266
你怎么看

309
00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:40,966
注意这个问题的包装方式

310
00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:43,166
他没有直接说

311
00:10:43,166 --> 00:10:44,200
我弑了父亲

312
00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:45,300
我该怎么办

313
00:10:45,333 --> 00:10:45,633
帮帮我

314
00:10:46,533 --> 00:10:49,100
他问的是修行在今世有什么用

315
00:10:49,133 --> 00:10:51,966
这是一个看起来抽象的哲学问题

316
00:10:51,966 --> 00:10:53,733
但背后藏着他真实的困境

317
00:10:53,733 --> 00:10:57,033
我现在就活在极大的痛苦里

318
00:10:57,066 --> 00:11:00,133
修行能给此刻的我什么

319
00:11:00,633 --> 00:11:01,800
佛陀回答了他的问题

320
00:11:02,666 --> 00:11:04,800
他从最基础的地方讲起

321
00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:06,566
一个人出家修行

322
00:11:06,566 --> 00:11:08,800
从遵守基本的戒律开始

323
00:11:08,833 --> 00:11:09,966
心开始安定

324
00:11:09,966 --> 00:11:12,033
妄念开始减少

325
00:11:12,066 --> 00:11:13,300
从戒生定

326
00:11:13,300 --> 00:11:14,466
从定生慧

327
00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:17,166
开始看清楚事物的本来面目

328
00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:19,066
慈悲心随之展开

329
00:11:19,066 --> 00:11:20,066
对众生的苦

330
00:11:20,100 --> 00:11:21,800
不再只是别人的事

331
00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:23,500
而是自己感同身受的事

332
00:11:24,500 --> 00:11:26,333
他一层层地往深处走

333
00:11:26,333 --> 00:11:27,633
讲得非常具体

334
00:11:27,666 --> 00:11:28,400
非常踏实

335
00:11:29,166 --> 00:11:30,800
然后佛陀停住了

336
00:11:30,800 --> 00:11:32,333
他转向阿阇世

337
00:11:32,333 --> 00:11:33,333
说了一句关键的话

338
00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:36,066
按照经文

339
00:11:36,066 --> 00:11:38,600
大意是这样的：如果这位王

340
00:11:38,633 --> 00:11:40,166
没有犯下那件事

341
00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:41,966
他在今天这场对话里

342
00:11:41,966 --> 00:11:43,466
本来可以直接证得初果

343
00:11:44,466 --> 00:11:45,566
这一句话

344
00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:47,000
是一记精准的手术刀

345
00:11:47,833 --> 00:11:49,100
佛陀没有说

346
00:11:49,100 --> 00:11:50,066
你弑父

347
00:11:50,100 --> 00:11:50,866
你不配学佛

348
00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:52,600
他没有关上门

349
00:11:53,533 --> 00:11:54,500
他说的是

350
00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:56,466
你本来可以走得更远

351
00:11:56,500 --> 00:11:58,400
那件事成了你当下的障碍

352
00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:00,566
但他连这个障碍

353
00:12:00,566 --> 00:12:02,466
都是以事实的方式陈述

354
00:12:02,500 --> 00:12:03,500
不是审判

355
00:12:03,500 --> 00:12:04,066
不是讲道

356
00:12:05,133 --> 00:12:07,366
阿阇世当场痛哭失声

357
00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:09,000
承认了弑父的罪

358
00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:10,566
向佛陀忏悔

359
00:12:10,833 --> 00:12:12,500
请佛陀接受他的忏悔

360
00:12:13,466 --> 00:12:14,133
佛陀接受了

361
00:12:15,133 --> 00:12:16,866
我想在这里停一停

362
00:12:16,900 --> 00:12:18,033
说一点个人的体会

363
00:12:18,900 --> 00:12:20,000
这个场面

364
00:12:20,033 --> 00:12:22,500
在整个早期佛教的历史叙述里

365
00:12:22,533 --> 00:12:25,233
是我个人觉得震动力最大的时刻之一

366
00:12:26,133 --> 00:12:27,866
不是因为它的戏剧张力

367
00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:31,633
而是因为它揭示了一件事：佛陀对人的接纳

368
00:12:31,633 --> 00:12:33,466
不是以道德表现为前提的

369
00:12:34,266 --> 00:12:36,866
他没有在门口先设一道考试

370
00:12:36,900 --> 00:12:38,566
说你以前做过什么

371
00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:39,933
合格了才能进来学佛

372
00:12:40,833 --> 00:12:42,033
他把法的门

373
00:12:42,066 --> 00:12:42,866
开得非常宽

374
00:12:43,733 --> 00:12:45,466
宽到可以接纳一个弑父者

375
00:12:46,266 --> 00:12:48,966
这当然不等于说弑父没有业力后果

376
00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:51,600
在佛教的因果观里

377
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:54,100
行为产生的业力是真实的

378
00:12:54,133 --> 00:12:56,466
会在某个时刻以某种方式显现

379
00:12:57,300 --> 00:12:58,633
但接纳这个人

380
00:12:58,633 --> 00:13:00,033
和业力继续运转

381
00:13:00,066 --> 00:13:01,200
是两回事

382
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:01,900
不互相矛盾

383
00:13:03,366 --> 00:13:04,566
佛陀接纳的

384
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:08,800
是此刻站在他面前、真诚在问问题的那个人

385
00:13:08,833 --> 00:13:10,500
而不是他过去行为的总和

386
00:13:11,166 --> 00:13:11,966
这一点

387
00:13:11,966 --> 00:13:13,700
和很多人的直觉是相反的

388
00:13:14,533 --> 00:13:15,866
我们的直觉是

389
00:13:15,866 --> 00:13:18,466
做了坏事的人不值得被接纳

390
00:13:18,466 --> 00:13:20,300
或者至少得先赎罪

391
00:13:20,533 --> 00:13:21,933
然后才有资格谈修行

392
00:13:22,833 --> 00:13:26,533
但佛陀的逻辑似乎是：此刻的求道之心

393
00:13:26,533 --> 00:13:28,133
本身就是可以直接回应的

394
00:13:29,166 --> 00:13:32,000
他没有先审判那段已经发生的过去

395
00:13:32,033 --> 00:13:34,766
而是先回应那颗此刻在求道的心

396
00:13:35,733 --> 00:13:36,433
这一点

397
00:13:36,466 --> 00:13:37,866
让我觉得他非常深邃

398
00:13:38,933 --> 00:13:40,966
阿阇世成了佛陀的护法

399
00:13:41,766 --> 00:13:43,066
摩揭陀国

400
00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:45,166
继续是佛教最重要的庇护地

401
00:13:45,933 --> 00:13:46,766
然后

402
00:13:46,766 --> 00:13:49,566
佛陀在大约公元前四八三年

403
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:52,233
在拘尸那罗城郊双树之间

404
00:13:52,233 --> 00:13:52,533
入灭

405
00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:54,633
入灭之后

406
00:13:54,633 --> 00:13:58,433
弟子们面临一个非常现实的问题：接下来怎么办

407
00:13:59,033 --> 00:14:01,000
佛陀教了四十五年的法

408
00:14:01,033 --> 00:14:02,666
内容极其庞杂

409
00:14:02,666 --> 00:14:05,333
不同时期对不同的人说了不同的话

410
00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:08,100
没有任何文字记录

411
00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:09,766
全靠口耳相传

412
00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:10,733
靠弟子们的记忆

413
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:12,900
现在他走了

414
00:14:12,933 --> 00:14:16,000
如果不赶紧把这些内容整理下来

415
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:17,233
几代人之后

416
00:14:17,233 --> 00:14:20,400
谁也说不清楚哪句话真正出自佛陀之口

417
00:14:22,166 --> 00:14:23,133
大迦叶

418
00:14:23,133 --> 00:14:25,633
是佛陀最资深的弟子之一

419
00:14:25,633 --> 00:14:27,600
以精严的头陀行著称

420
00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:29,966
也是那个时代僧团里权威最高的人

421
00:14:30,866 --> 00:14:32,633
他召集了五百位比丘

422
00:14:32,633 --> 00:14:35,266
在王舍城郊外的七叶窟集合

423
00:14:35,300 --> 00:14:38,000
进行了一场规模庞大的口述整理工作

424
00:14:38,866 --> 00:14:41,266
这就是佛教历史上著名的第一次结集

425
00:14:42,166 --> 00:14:43,766
整个集会的后勤

426
00:14:43,766 --> 00:14:45,300
由谁来保障

427
00:14:45,466 --> 00:14:46,066
阿阇世王

428
00:14:46,966 --> 00:14:48,566
场地是王的资源

429
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:50,233
供养是王的资源

430
00:14:50,266 --> 00:14:51,300
安全是王的资源

431
00:14:52,366 --> 00:14:53,900
没有阿阇世的支持

432
00:14:53,933 --> 00:14:54,966
在那个时代

433
00:14:54,966 --> 00:14:57,933
要召集五百名分散在各地的比丘

434
00:14:57,966 --> 00:15:00,333
提供数月的生活保障

435
00:15:00,333 --> 00:15:04,166
在同一个地点完成如此庞大的口述整理工作

436
00:15:04,166 --> 00:15:05,633
几乎是不可能做到的事

437
00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:10,133
整理的方式是这样：阿难站在大众面前

438
00:15:10,133 --> 00:15:12,166
背诵他记住的佛陀所有开示

439
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:14,300
其他人一边听

440
00:15:14,333 --> 00:15:15,400
一边纠正

441
00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:16,100
一边确认

442
00:15:17,966 --> 00:15:19,333
大家都认可的

443
00:15:19,333 --> 00:15:20,666
就保留下来

444
00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:21,666
成为经的一部分

445
00:15:22,333 --> 00:15:25,166
优婆离用同样的方式背诵戒律

446
00:15:25,166 --> 00:15:25,966
成为律的部分

447
00:15:26,866 --> 00:15:27,833
这个过程

448
00:15:27,833 --> 00:15:29,233
用今天的话来说

449
00:15:29,266 --> 00:15:31,466
是一次大型的群体记忆核对工程

450
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,566
而整个工程的物质基础

451
00:15:34,566 --> 00:15:35,700
是一个弑父者提供的

452
00:15:36,566 --> 00:15:38,500
这是历史里真实发生过的事

453
00:15:39,433 --> 00:15:41,500
历史让人觉得不舒服的地方

454
00:15:41,533 --> 00:15:42,233
往往就在这里

455
00:15:43,066 --> 00:15:44,866
它不给你一个干净的道德故事

456
00:15:45,533 --> 00:15:47,533
如果你想要一个干净的故事

457
00:15:47,566 --> 00:15:51,333
应该是这样的：佛陀有一群纯粹的弟子

458
00:15:51,333 --> 00:15:54,166
在一个开明的善良国王的支持下

459
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:56,500
把法义完整地传承下来

460
00:15:56,533 --> 00:15:57,833
国王是善人

461
00:15:57,833 --> 00:15:59,100
弟子是圣人

462
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:01,000
一切很美好

463
00:16:01,933 --> 00:16:06,200
但实际的历史是：那个拍板支持第一次结集的国王

464
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:07,766
是一个弑父者

465
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:10,600
而且他成为护法的直接原因

466
00:16:10,666 --> 00:16:13,700
还和一个曾经试图刺杀佛陀的人的阴谋

467
00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:14,733
有着间接的关联

468
00:16:15,833 --> 00:16:18,366
从竹林精舍到七叶窟

469
00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,466
佛教在这一段时间里完成了一次关键的转型

470
00:16:21,466 --> 00:16:23,300
从游方运动

471
00:16:23,333 --> 00:16:24,700
变成了有建制的机构

472
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:27,300
这件事的代价是什么

473
00:16:27,533 --> 00:16:28,666
代价是

474
00:16:28,666 --> 00:16:29,766
你的存在

475
00:16:29,766 --> 00:16:31,200
开始依赖权力的允许

476
00:16:31,900 --> 00:16:34,066
国王可以给你竹林精舍

477
00:16:34,100 --> 00:16:34,966
也可以收回去

478
00:16:35,866 --> 00:16:38,300
国王可以支持第一次结集

479
00:16:38,333 --> 00:16:39,933
也可以不支持

480
00:16:39,933 --> 00:16:42,733
甚至可以在结集的结果里施加影响

481
00:16:43,666 --> 00:16:45,833
后来的历史一再证明

482
00:16:45,866 --> 00:16:48,266
这个依赖关系带来了极大的脆弱性

483
00:16:49,833 --> 00:16:51,200
公元九世纪

484
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:53,500
中国唐武宗发动会昌法难

485
00:16:53,500 --> 00:16:54,600
一道诏书

486
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:56,433
拆毁四万多座寺庙

487
00:16:56,466 --> 00:16:59,100
全国绝大多数僧侣被强制还俗

488
00:16:59,933 --> 00:17:00,600
印度那边

489
00:17:00,866 --> 00:17:04,000
最终因为王朝的崩塌和外来战争

490
00:17:04,033 --> 00:17:06,400
佛教几乎在自己的故乡彻底消亡

491
00:17:07,166 --> 00:17:08,466
这是进入宫廷的代价

492
00:17:09,266 --> 00:17:10,866
但如果不进入宫廷

493
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:14,400
佛教能活过最初那五百年的草创期吗

494
00:17:14,533 --> 00:17:15,133
这很难说

495
00:17:16,066 --> 00:17:18,100
我今天想聚焦在另一个问题上

496
00:17:19,100 --> 00:17:21,300
频婆娑罗王支持佛陀

497
00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:22,233
是真诚的信仰

498
00:17:23,233 --> 00:17:24,466
他皈依三宝

499
00:17:24,466 --> 00:17:26,100
他参与修学

500
00:17:26,100 --> 00:17:29,566
他和佛陀的关系超越了普通的赞助者

501
00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:30,733
与被赞助者的边界

502
00:17:31,833 --> 00:17:33,433
他的儿子阿阇世

503
00:17:33,433 --> 00:17:33,766
杀了他

504
00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:36,933
然后阿阇世成了佛教的护法

505
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:39,200
这整个过程里

506
00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:44,233
有一件事始终不变：不管是频婆娑罗还是阿阇世

507
00:17:44,266 --> 00:17:46,400
他们各自与佛陀的连接

508
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:47,133
都是真实的

509
00:17:47,966 --> 00:17:49,433
频婆娑罗的信仰

510
00:17:49,433 --> 00:17:49,933
是真实的

511
00:17:50,933 --> 00:17:53,200
阿阇世的悔恨和转化

512
00:17:53,233 --> 00:17:53,966
也是真实的

513
00:17:54,833 --> 00:17:56,733
他们之间那场权力之争

514
00:17:56,766 --> 00:17:57,633
同样是真实的

515
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,000
权力运作有它自己的轨道

516
00:18:01,233 --> 00:18:03,133
慈悲运作有它自己的逻辑

517
00:18:04,066 --> 00:18:06,633
两条轨道在历史上交叉

518
00:18:06,666 --> 00:18:09,233
有时候产生很美的结果

519
00:18:09,233 --> 00:18:11,333
有时候产生很惨烈的结果

520
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:13,700
但两条轨道本身

521
00:18:13,733 --> 00:18:14,300
是不同的

522
00:18:15,233 --> 00:18:16,366
佛陀见证了这一切

523
00:18:17,166 --> 00:18:19,833
他知道频婆娑罗被关进了监狱

524
00:18:19,833 --> 00:18:21,533
但他没有用他的影响力去干预

525
00:18:22,233 --> 00:18:23,966
他的影响力到不了那一步

526
00:18:23,966 --> 00:18:24,800
或者说

527
00:18:24,833 --> 00:18:25,866
那不是他能做的事

528
00:18:26,833 --> 00:18:28,966
权力有自己的运转方式

529
00:18:28,966 --> 00:18:30,766
就算一位觉者在旁

530
00:18:30,766 --> 00:18:33,433
权力也不会因为他的存在就停止运转

531
00:18:34,266 --> 00:18:35,800
他接纳了阿阇世

532
00:18:35,833 --> 00:18:38,100
没有因为对方弑父就关上门

533
00:18:39,233 --> 00:18:40,766
在频婆娑罗那里

534
00:18:40,766 --> 00:18:42,766
他没有能力改变权力的轨道

535
00:18:43,533 --> 00:18:44,866
在阿阇世那里

536
00:18:44,866 --> 00:18:47,266
他打开了悔恨通往转化的通道

537
00:18:48,533 --> 00:18:52,700
有观众曾经问过一个很尖锐的问题：佛陀那么了不起

538
00:18:52,733 --> 00:18:55,233
为什么不去阻止频婆娑罗的死

539
00:18:55,366 --> 00:18:56,000
我想了很久

540
00:18:56,733 --> 00:18:57,766
我的答案是

541
00:18:57,766 --> 00:19:00,833
也许正因为他彻底明白了无常和缘起

542
00:19:01,033 --> 00:19:02,000
他才知道

543
00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:03,266
在因果的流动里

544
00:19:03,266 --> 00:19:05,333
有一些事是他可以做的

545
00:19:05,366 --> 00:19:07,266
有一些事是他做不了的

546
00:19:07,266 --> 00:19:08,566
也不应该试图去做

547
00:19:09,466 --> 00:19:10,633
真正的慈悲

548
00:19:10,733 --> 00:19:13,133
不是超级英雄式的全能干预

549
00:19:13,133 --> 00:19:15,433
而是在你能起到作用的地方

550
00:19:15,466 --> 00:19:16,133
全力起作用

551
00:19:17,066 --> 00:19:19,133
人不是由一个时刻定义的

552
00:19:19,166 --> 00:19:21,300
不管那个时刻多么严重

553
00:19:21,566 --> 00:19:23,900
频婆娑罗是在一个时刻被害的

554
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:25,166
但他不只是那个时刻

555
00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:29,400
阿阇世是在一个时刻犯下了弑父之罪

556
00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:31,133
但他也不只是那个时刻

557
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:32,833
每一个人

558
00:19:32,866 --> 00:19:35,700
都是比他最坏的那个行为更复杂的存在

559
00:19:36,566 --> 00:19:38,600
佛陀在见到阿阇世的时候

560
00:19:38,633 --> 00:19:40,533
他看见的不是一个弑父者

561
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:43,333
而是一个此刻在真诚寻找出路的人

562
00:19:44,166 --> 00:19:44,800
他把门开了

563
00:19:45,766 --> 00:19:47,966
这里面有我觉得最值得带走的东西

564
00:19:48,766 --> 00:19:50,733
不是对弑父行为的宽容

565
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:51,900
而是对一个人

566
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:56,233
一个完整的、复杂的、此刻在真诚求道的人

567
00:19:56,266 --> 00:19:56,766
的看见

568
00:19:57,866 --> 00:19:58,366
好

569
00:19:58,366 --> 00:19:59,266
我们今天讲到这里

570
00:20:00,333 --> 00:20:01,166
下一集

571
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:02,666
我们要进入一个更混乱

572
00:20:02,966 --> 00:20:06,866
更有意思的时段：第一次结集完成之后

573
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:11,400
那些离开了七叶窟的比丘们各自散落在印度各地

574
00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:14,100
各自记着自己版本的佛陀教法

575
00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:15,966
在没有文字的情况下

576
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:20,366
这些口耳相传的内容是怎么在四百多年里活下来的

577
00:20:20,566 --> 00:20:24,266
这是一个关于记忆、权威与变异的故事

578
00:20:24,266 --> 00:20:24,866
我们下集见

579
00:20:25,900 --> 00:20:26,933
在这之前

580
00:20:26,966 --> 00:20:30,333
我想问问大家：你觉得佛法走进宫廷

581
00:20:30,333 --> 00:20:31,833
对于佛教来说

582
00:20:31,866 --> 00:20:33,000
是利大于弊

583
00:20:33,033 --> 00:20:34,900
还是弊大于利

584
00:20:34,966 --> 00:20:38,400
如果佛陀当年拒绝了频婆娑罗的供养

585
00:20:38,433 --> 00:20:41,000
坚持不接受任何土地和建筑

586
00:20:41,033 --> 00:20:43,533
只维持一个纯粹的游方僧团

587
00:20:43,533 --> 00:20:45,933
今天的佛教会是什么样子

588
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:48,200
欢迎在评论区告诉我你的想法

589
00:20:49,033 --> 00:20:50,266
我是王利杰

590
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:51,166
我们下期见