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哈耶克说

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通往地狱的路是天堂图纸铺的

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一九四四年三月

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伦敦

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战争还没结束

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德国的轰炸机隔三差五还会来

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就在这座随时可能挨炸的城市里

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一个四十四岁的奥地利裔学者

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出版了一本薄薄的书

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所有人都以为

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一个眼看着祖国被吞并的奥地利人写书

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一定是声讨希特勒的

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他确实恨希特勒

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可你翻开这本书

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会发现一件奇怪的事

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书里真正的警告

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不是冲着敌人去的

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是冲着朋友去的

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他在序言里说

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这本书注定会得罪许多他希望保持友谊的人

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而这本书献给的

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恰恰就是这些朋友

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那些满怀理想 真心想建设一个更美好社会的人

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书的第二章开头

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他引了德国诗人荷尔德林的一句话

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这句话是整本书的钥匙

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总是使一个国家变成人间地狱的东西

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恰恰是人们试图将它变成天堂

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这个人叫哈耶克

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这本书叫 通往奴役之路

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哈喽

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大家好

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我是王利杰

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今天我们开一个新的小单元

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这个系列拆过 红楼梦 的情执

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拆过 西游记 的心猿

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拆过 封神演义 里替天行道的傲慢

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但我们从来没有碰过经济学

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很多人觉得经济学是关于钱的

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离修行十万八千里

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今天这本书会告诉你

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经济学的每一页其实都是关于人的

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关于人性里那个最体面 最正义 也最危险的念头

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这个念头只有八个字

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我知道怎样对你好

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先说清楚一件事

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这期视频不聊政治

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也不聊主义

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哈耶克这本书在国内是正规出版物

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书店里就买得到

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但今天我们要用一个书店里买不到的角度去读它

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把它当成一本修行的书

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因为它解剖的那个东西

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佛学里有一个精确的名字

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这个名字我先按下不表

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我们从故事讲起

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哈耶克

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一八九九年生在维也纳

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第一次世界大战

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他在意大利前线当过炮兵

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战争结束

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帝国没了

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他回到维也纳读书

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后来去了英国

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在伦敦政治经济学院当教授

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三十年代末

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整个欧洲都在着火

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而他在英国观察到一个让他后背发凉的现象

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英国的知识分子

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一边在战场上和德国拼命

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一边在书房里羡慕德国的办法

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什么办法

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就是由一个强有力的中枢

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替整个社会做计划

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把所有人的劳动 资源 生活

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统一安排起来

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当时很多聪明人都觉得

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这才是未来

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这才是理性

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自由散漫的旧秩序过时了

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哈耶克坐不住了

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他在序言里说

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写这本书

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是一项他不可逃避的责任

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别人在前线打仗

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他能出的力

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就是这本书

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于是就有了 通往奴役之路

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这本书的论证

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我把它压缩成一条链子

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你听听看

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每一环都是人性

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第一环

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想给整个社会做一张总图纸

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你首先需要一个所有人共同的目标清单

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什么最重要

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什么次重要

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得排出个先后

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可是几千万人

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每个人心里的排序都不一样

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有人觉得孩子的教育最重要

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有人觉得老人的医药最重要

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有人就想安安静静种自己的花

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总图纸只能有一个排序

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那怎么办

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第二环

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既然大家的排序合不到一起

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画图纸的人就只能把自己的排序

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当成所有人的排序

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注意

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这一步不需要任何恶意

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他是真心的

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他真的相信自己的排序是最好的

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第三环

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图纸铺开了

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总有人不配合

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不配合

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宏伟的图纸就成了废纸

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所以为了那个美好的目标

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就必须让不配合的人配合

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劝说不行就施压

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施压不行就强制

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每一步都有一个高尚的理由

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每一步都在说

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这是为了大家好

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第四环

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也是全书最冷的一章

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这一章的标题就是一个问题

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为什么最坏的人会爬到最高的位置

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哈耶克的回答

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不是权力使人腐败这种老生常谈

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他说的是筛选

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当一个位置的任务

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是不惜一切代价执行总图纸的时候

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心里还有犹豫的人

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那些半夜会睡不着 会问自己这样做对不对的人

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会自己退出

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或者被淘汰

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最后留在那个位置上的

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一定是不犹豫的人

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不是坏人抢走了好制度

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是那个位置本身

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一层一层筛掉了良心

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这条链子从哪里开始的

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从一个念头开始的

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我知道怎样对你好

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到哪里结束的

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到地狱结束的

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中间没有一个环节需要坏人

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这就是荷尔德林那句话的完整展开

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地狱不需要坏人施工

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好人拿着天堂的图纸

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就够了

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这本书出版以后发生的事

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比书本身还有意思

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凯恩斯

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注意

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是凯恩斯

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哈耶克在经济学上斗了半辈子的对手

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读完以后给他写了一封信

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说这是一本了不起的书

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在道德和哲学层面

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我几乎同意它的全部

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连奥威尔

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就是后来写 一九八四 的那位

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立场跟哈耶克差着十万八千里

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也公开说

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这本书的警告里有大量的真理

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你看

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真正的对手都认账了

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为什么

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因为哈耶克戳中的不是某个阵营的错误

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是所有阵营共用的那块人性

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好

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现在我们把佛学的显微镜架上去

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刚才我按下不表的那个名字

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现在可以说了

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这本书解剖的东西

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佛学里叫善执

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执着的执

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善良的善

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我们这个系列讲过很多种执着

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贪财 贪色 贪名

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这些执着都好认

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因为它们看起来就不体面

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但佛学对这件事有一句很狠的概括

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执善亦是执

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对善的执着

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也是执着

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而且是最高级的那一种

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为什么说它最高级

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因为别的执着偷东西的时候心虚

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善执偷东西的时候

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理直气壮

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它自带道德豁免权

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一个人为了私利去控制别人

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他自己知道理亏

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一个人为了你好去控制你

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他觉得自己在行善

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你的反抗反而成了他加倍用力的理由

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我们拆 封神演义 的时候讲过

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那部书里人人都在替天行道

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人人都觉得自己手里的刀是天的意思

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通往奴役之路 讲的是同一件事

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只不过刀换成了图纸

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那这个善执

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它在认知上到底错在哪里

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这里要请出唯识学的一个核心概念

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叫遍计所执

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听着拗口

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意思其实很日常

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唯识学说

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世界真正的生起方式叫依他起

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依靠的依

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他人的他

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生起的起

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意思是

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一切事物都是无数条件当下相互作用生出来的

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像河流

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每一秒的水都是新的

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而我们的心有个毛病

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它喜欢把流动的东西冻起来

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冻成一个固定的对象

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再贴上标签

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然后把这个标签当成真的

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这个动作

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就叫遍计所执

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普遍地计较 执取

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一个社会是什么

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是几千万人

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每天早上醒来

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带着各自的心事 各自的手艺

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各自只有自己才知道的那一点点具体处境

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相互碰撞 相互交换 相互迁就

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活生生长出来的一张网络

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面包师知道今天的面粉手感不对

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要多加一点水

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修表匠知道街角那位老太太的表为什么总是慢五分钟

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这些知识

240
00:08:05,558 --> 00:08:08,687
细碎 具体 长在每个人的处境里

241
00:08:08,717 --> 00:08:11,807
没有任何办法把它们收集到一张桌子上

242
00:08:11,957 --> 00:08:14,757
就像你没办法把全城人今晚的梦

243
00:08:14,757 --> 00:08:16,366
收进同一个档案馆

244
00:08:16,988 --> 00:08:18,697
而一张总图纸干的是什么

245
00:08:19,269 --> 00:08:20,918
它把这条奔涌的河

246
00:08:20,988 --> 00:08:23,077
当成了一块可以搬运的冰

247
00:08:23,589 --> 00:08:25,548
它把依他起的活网络

248
00:08:25,548 --> 00:08:28,557
冻结成一个可以摆布的死对象

249
00:08:29,028 --> 00:08:31,798
你可以画一张很精美的河流地图

250
00:08:31,949 --> 00:08:34,598
但你不能拿着地图去命令河水

251
00:08:35,028 --> 00:08:36,017
计划者的错误

252
00:08:36,269 --> 00:08:37,637
从来不在动机

253
00:08:37,788 --> 00:08:38,417
在认知

254
00:08:38,909 --> 00:08:41,438
他以为自己面对的是一台机器

255
00:08:41,589 --> 00:08:43,917
其实他面对的是一条河

256
00:08:44,228 --> 00:08:45,657
这就是遍计所执

257
00:08:46,069 --> 00:08:47,428
把心里的图纸

258
00:08:47,429 --> 00:08:49,318
错认成了外面的世界

259
00:08:49,911 --> 00:08:51,521
再看那个最冷的问题

260
00:08:51,832 --> 00:08:53,961
为什么最坏者会上位

261
00:08:54,312 --> 00:08:55,420
佛学看这件事

262
00:08:55,671 --> 00:08:57,601
用的是共业这个概念

263
00:08:57,832 --> 00:08:59,060
我们平时说业力

264
00:08:59,391 --> 00:09:01,040
总以为是个人账本

265
00:09:01,151 --> 00:09:03,481
谁做了坏事谁遭报应

266
00:09:03,592 --> 00:09:05,900
但业还有一种更隐蔽的形态

267
00:09:06,192 --> 00:09:07,121
叫共业

268
00:09:07,352 --> 00:09:11,001
一群人共同参与 共同维护的一个结构

269
00:09:11,151 --> 00:09:13,680
这个结构本身会产生果报

270
00:09:13,712 --> 00:09:15,300
而且这个果报不挑人

271
00:09:15,592 --> 00:09:16,961
是按位置来的

272
00:09:17,112 --> 00:09:19,351
哈耶克描述的那个筛选机制

273
00:09:19,352 --> 00:09:21,101
就是共业的精确画像

274
00:09:21,631 --> 00:09:24,601
没有任何一个人决定让最坏者上位

275
00:09:24,671 --> 00:09:26,680
是那个结构在筛选

276
00:09:27,472 --> 00:09:30,271
每一个交出判断 只管执行的人

277
00:09:30,271 --> 00:09:32,680
都往筛子上加了一根铁丝

278
00:09:33,112 --> 00:09:34,601
地狱是众筹的

279
00:09:34,712 --> 00:09:38,241
这才是共业两个字最让人睡不着觉的地方

280
00:09:38,746 --> 00:09:39,375
讲到这里

281
00:09:39,665 --> 00:09:40,744
你可能觉得

282
00:09:40,746 --> 00:09:42,074
这说的是历史

283
00:09:42,106 --> 00:09:42,694
是别人

284
00:09:43,026 --> 00:09:44,875
是那些拿着大图纸的人

285
00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:45,829
别急

286
00:09:45,986 --> 00:09:48,074
现在我们把镜头调转过来

287
00:09:48,106 --> 00:09:50,255
我要说一句可能让你不太舒服的话

288
00:09:50,705 --> 00:09:51,785
每个人心里

289
00:09:51,786 --> 00:09:54,915
都常年运转着一个中央计划委员会

290
00:09:55,425 --> 00:09:56,935
唯识学给它起过名字

291
00:09:57,305 --> 00:09:58,515
叫末那识

292
00:09:58,746 --> 00:09:59,854
那个日夜不休

293
00:10:00,185 --> 00:10:03,714
时时刻刻抓着一个我不放的深层心理过程

294
00:10:04,065 --> 00:10:06,035
它手里也有一张图纸

295
00:10:06,185 --> 00:10:07,295
图纸的名字就叫

296
00:10:07,626 --> 00:10:08,594
我应该

297
00:10:08,945 --> 00:10:10,515
我应该是个什么样的人

298
00:10:10,626 --> 00:10:12,834
我的孩子应该考上什么学校

299
00:10:12,986 --> 00:10:14,915
我的伴侣应该怎么爱我

300
00:10:14,945 --> 00:10:17,474
我的人生应该在几岁完成什么

301
00:10:18,283 --> 00:10:20,332
你想想你有没有干过这种事

302
00:10:20,604 --> 00:10:24,123
孩子的兴趣像野草一样东长一枝西长一枝

303
00:10:24,124 --> 00:10:26,332
你拿着图纸咔嚓咔嚓修剪

304
00:10:26,404 --> 00:10:29,053
因为图纸上画的是一棵笔直的树

305
00:10:29,604 --> 00:10:31,893
伴侣用他自己的方式对你好

306
00:10:31,923 --> 00:10:32,893
你不领情

307
00:10:32,923 --> 00:10:35,253
因为他给的不在你的图纸上

308
00:10:35,604 --> 00:10:36,952
最狠的是对自己

309
00:10:37,563 --> 00:10:39,003
状态不好的那几年

310
00:10:39,004 --> 00:10:41,612
你天天在心里骂自己进度落后

311
00:10:41,724 --> 00:10:43,962
好像你的人生是个工程项目

312
00:10:43,963 --> 00:10:46,732
而你是那个不配合施工的钉子户

313
00:10:47,679 --> 00:10:48,548
你要是打过坐

314
00:10:48,919 --> 00:10:50,369
体会会更直接

315
00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,548
几乎每个人第一次打坐都干同一件事

316
00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:55,808
命令念头安静

317
00:10:56,080 --> 00:10:56,588
结果呢

318
00:10:57,120 --> 00:10:58,568
越命令越乱

319
00:10:58,759 --> 00:10:59,308
为什么

320
00:10:59,679 --> 00:11:02,928
因为你在对念头搞总图纸那一套

321
00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:05,288
念头是依他起的

322
00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:10,168
是身体 记忆 情绪无数条件当下涌出来的活水

323
00:11:10,399 --> 00:11:12,688
你拿一纸行政命令去堵

324
00:11:12,759 --> 00:11:14,568
堵出来的全是漩涡

325
00:11:14,799 --> 00:11:16,958
你越想当自己心里的独裁者

326
00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:19,269
你的内心就越像一个短缺经济

327
00:11:19,639 --> 00:11:21,448
到处是排队的念头

328
00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:23,568
到处是压抑出来的黑市

329
00:11:23,759 --> 00:11:24,989
白天不让想的事

330
00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:27,048
晚上全在梦里开张

331
00:11:27,875 --> 00:11:28,825
那不控制怎么办

332
00:11:29,195 --> 00:11:30,024
撒手不管吗

333
00:11:30,636 --> 00:11:33,644
这里正好可以借哈耶克自己的东西打个比方

334
00:11:33,995 --> 00:11:36,024
他一辈子最看重的一个发现是

335
00:11:36,436 --> 00:11:38,244
市场不需要总指挥

336
00:11:38,436 --> 00:11:40,405
价格本身就是信号

337
00:11:40,556 --> 00:11:41,744
每个人看着价格

338
00:11:42,075 --> 00:11:43,325
自己就会调整

339
00:11:43,516 --> 00:11:44,585
修行里的觉知

340
00:11:44,835 --> 00:11:46,354
干的就是价格的活儿

341
00:11:46,355 --> 00:11:47,724
不是命令的活儿

342
00:11:48,359 --> 00:11:50,029
觉知不对念头下令

343
00:11:50,439 --> 00:11:51,228
它只是照亮

344
00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:52,549
这个念头来了

345
00:11:52,839 --> 00:11:54,488
它背后是什么在推

346
00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:56,488
它真实的成本是多少

347
00:11:56,680 --> 00:11:57,709
被照亮的念头

348
00:11:57,959 --> 00:11:58,799
不用你赶

349
00:11:58,800 --> 00:11:59,929
它自己会散

350
00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:02,238
你不需要当心里的独裁者

351
00:12:02,239 --> 00:12:04,209
你只需要当心里的光

352
00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,449
这两种治理方式的差别

353
00:12:06,479 --> 00:12:08,478
外面是一个世纪的历史

354
00:12:08,479 --> 00:12:10,888
里面是你每一支香的功夫

355
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:12,348
最后

356
00:12:12,719 --> 00:12:15,049
说一说哈耶克停下来的地方

357
00:12:15,319 --> 00:12:17,208
他花了一辈子告诉世界

358
00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:20,568
那种想替所有人做主的冲动有多危险

359
00:12:20,679 --> 00:12:21,688
怎么防它

360
00:12:22,039 --> 00:12:22,708
但有一个问题

361
00:12:23,199 --> 00:12:24,549
他始终没有往下问

362
00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:26,769
这个想控制的冲动

363
00:12:26,799 --> 00:12:28,509
本身是从哪里来的

364
00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:31,328
他把答案留在了制度层面

365
00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:33,129
用规则去看住它

366
00:12:33,854 --> 00:12:35,322
佛学在这里多走了一步

367
00:12:35,694 --> 00:12:36,782
控制欲的根

368
00:12:36,893 --> 00:12:37,863
是恐惧

369
00:12:38,094 --> 00:12:39,103
恐惧的根

370
00:12:39,133 --> 00:12:42,383
是我们把我当成了一个需要日夜守卫的东西

371
00:12:42,893 --> 00:12:43,902
守着一个我

372
00:12:43,934 --> 00:12:47,702
就必须守住我的边界 我的预期 我的图纸

373
00:12:47,934 --> 00:12:51,022
于是全世界都成了需要管理的对象

374
00:12:51,773 --> 00:12:53,282
图纸不是画出来的

375
00:12:53,574 --> 00:12:54,863
是怕出来的

376
00:12:55,173 --> 00:12:57,422
哈耶克看见了图纸的代价

377
00:12:57,494 --> 00:13:01,103
佛学看见了握图纸的那只手为什么松不开

378
00:13:01,494 --> 00:13:02,003
这一步

379
00:13:02,253 --> 00:13:03,202
不是他的失误

380
00:13:03,454 --> 00:13:04,623
是他的边界

381
00:13:04,694 --> 00:13:07,172
也是这套两千五百年的学问

382
00:13:07,173 --> 00:13:08,702
真正值钱的地方

383
00:13:09,409 --> 00:13:10,578
写这本书的时候

384
00:13:10,649 --> 00:13:12,779
哈耶克赌上了自己的学术声誉

385
00:13:12,970 --> 00:13:14,938
同行几十年把他当异类

386
00:13:14,970 --> 00:13:17,649
直到一九七四年他拿了诺贝尔经济学奖

387
00:13:17,649 --> 00:13:19,899
世界才回过头来重新读他

388
00:13:20,169 --> 00:13:21,539
他自己倒是不急

389
00:13:21,569 --> 00:13:22,999
他说过大意是这样的话

390
00:13:23,490 --> 00:13:24,318
观念的战争

391
00:13:24,610 --> 00:13:26,139
要用几代人来计

392
00:13:26,569 --> 00:13:29,318
一个人能在长达三十年无人喝彩的时间里

393
00:13:29,370 --> 00:13:30,899
守住自己看见的东西

394
00:13:31,169 --> 00:13:32,448
这份定力本身

395
00:13:32,449 --> 00:13:34,139
就有点修行的味道了

396
00:13:35,115 --> 00:13:35,304
好

397
00:13:35,716 --> 00:13:36,764
问题留给你

398
00:13:36,995 --> 00:13:40,825
你手里有没有一张画了很多年 舍不得撕的天堂图纸

399
00:13:41,356 --> 00:13:42,225
画给孩子的

400
00:13:42,515 --> 00:13:43,715
画给伴侣的

401
00:13:43,716 --> 00:13:44,865
还是画给你自己的

402
00:13:45,476 --> 00:13:46,264
撕掉图纸

403
00:13:46,635 --> 00:13:47,965
不是放弃花园

404
00:13:48,035 --> 00:13:49,355
是终于蹲下来

405
00:13:49,356 --> 00:13:51,564
看看地里实际长出了什么

406
00:13:51,716 --> 00:13:54,524
我很想在评论区听听你的图纸的故事

407
00:13:54,556 --> 00:13:55,715
也欢迎你聊聊

408
00:13:55,716 --> 00:13:58,235
这个用佛学拆经济学的新角度

409
00:13:58,235 --> 00:14:00,485
你想不想让我继续拆下去

410
00:14:00,596 --> 00:14:01,225
我是王利杰

411
00:14:01,515 --> 00:14:02,225
我们下期见