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阿毗达摩

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佛陀生前从没对活人讲过的学问

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传说

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佛陀是升上了天堂

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对着一群神

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还有他早已去世的母亲

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才第一次讲出了这套学问

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整整三个月

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讲了一套极其精密、极其庞大的哲学

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精密到什么程度呢

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精密到一千多年后

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有人开始悄悄怀疑

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这真的是佛陀说的吗

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哈喽

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大家好

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我是王利杰

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上一集

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我们走进了说一切有部那座像实验室一样的哲学大厦

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三世实有

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法体恒存

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他们把佛陀那句简单的缘起

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拆到了原子级别

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我当时留了一个问题没回答

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这座大厦

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到底是用什么材料盖起来的

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今天我们就去看这套建筑材料本身

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它有一个听起来很陌生的名字

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叫阿毗达摩

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很多人学佛学了很多年

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都没真正搞懂这四个字

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但你只要听完今天这一期

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你就会发现

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整个佛教哲学

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从部派到中观

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到唯识

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全都是从这四个字里长出来的

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它就是佛教的地基

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我们先把名字拆开

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佛教的经典

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传统上分成三大类

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合起来叫三藏

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第一藏是经

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就是佛陀说过的话

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一段一段的对话录

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第二藏是律

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就是僧团的规矩

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那第三藏

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就是论

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梵文叫阿毗达摩

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阿毗这两个字

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意思是对着、朝向、更高一层

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达摩就是法

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所以阿毗达摩

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直译过来就是对法

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是关于法的法

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是把佛陀的教法再往上推一层的那套学问

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你记住一个关键点

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三藏里面

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经和律出现得早

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论出现得最晚

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佛陀活着的时候

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有经

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有律

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唯独没有这第三藏

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那它是怎么冒出来的

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故事得从佛经里那些不起眼的清单说起

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你去翻早期的佛经

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会发现佛陀特别喜欢用列表来讲东西

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五蕴

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色受想行识

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十二处

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十八界

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三十七道品

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苦集灭道

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一组一组的数字

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一串一串的清单

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佛陀为什么爱用清单

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因为那是一个没有文字的时代

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所有的法

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都要靠弟子们一字一句背下来

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清单

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就是最好的记忆工具

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就像我们今天背口诀一样

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阿毗达摩

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就是从这些清单里长出来的

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后来的论师们做了一件事

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他们把散落在几千部经里的每一个概念

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全部抽出来

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摆到桌面上

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然后开始分类、定义、编号、排序

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再研究它们彼此之间的关系

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这就好比

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佛陀生前留下的是一地的零件和说明书

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论师们把所有零件捡起来

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按材质分类

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给每一个都贴上标签

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再画出一张完整的电路图

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他们把世界拆成了最小的单位

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叫做法

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注意

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这个法跟前面说的法不是一个意思

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这里的法

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指的是构成一切经验的最小元素

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有点像化学里的元素

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心是一类

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心所伴随心生起的那些心理活动是一类

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物质是一类

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还有一些既不是心也不是物的东西

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又是一类

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说一切有部最后数出来

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这样的基本元素

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一共有七十五种

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你发现没有

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这已经不是在讲故事了

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这是在画一张法的元素周期表

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这种精密

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能精密到什么地步

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我给你举个例子

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你感受一下

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在阿毗达摩的体系里

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你以为看一眼颜色

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是一瞬间、一下子就完成的事

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他们却告诉你

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不是

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哪怕只是看一眼红色这么简单的动作

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你的心

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也要走完整整十七个刹那

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从心被对象惊动

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到接收

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到分辨

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到判断

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到生起喜欢还是不喜欢

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再到落进记忆

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一步一步

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井井有条

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像一条精密到极致的流水线

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而这十七个刹那

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快到你根本察觉不到

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你打一个响指的工夫

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这样的流水线

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已经跑完了无数轮

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把一个看颜色的动作

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拆解到这种地步

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这是一种什么样的心智

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这是一种工程师的心智

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一种近乎偏执的、非要把一切都看透

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都拆开、都编号的渴望

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其实你再想想

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这种心智

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跟两千多年后那些把物质拆成分子

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拆成原子、再拆成夸克的科学家

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是同一种心智

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都是相信

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只要我把世界拆到足够小、足够清楚

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我就能彻底看懂它

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掌控它

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这种冲动

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人类从来就没停过

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当然

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这只是一个帮你理解的类比

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是指月亮的那根手指

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不是月亮本身

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我打个比方你就懂了

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如果说

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佛陀亲口讲的那些经

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是一本用户手册

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告诉你怎么用

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怎么修

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怎么离苦

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那么阿毗达摩

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就是这台机器的操作系统源代码

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它要告诉你

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这台机器在最底层

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到底是怎么一行一行运行起来的

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那论师们为什么非要干这件事

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放着好好的故事不讲

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跑去写源代码

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有三个很现实的历史动力

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第一

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是传承的需要

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佛陀走了

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口传了几百年

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各地的僧团对同一个概念的理解开始出现偏差

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你说的无常和我说的无常

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是不是一回事

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必须有一套标准定义

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把它焊死

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不然佛法迟早会散架

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第二

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是辩论的需要

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那个时代

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印度是思想的角斗场

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佛教徒要跟婆罗门辩

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跟耆那教辩

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部派之间自己也吵

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上了辩论台

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你光会讲故事是没用的

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对方一个概念追问下来

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你含含糊糊就输了

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你必须把每一个词都定义得滴水不漏

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阿毗达摩

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就是僧团的辩论装备库

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第三

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也是最容易被忽略的一点

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它其实是一套禅修手册

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内观是干什么的

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就是把你当下的经验

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一刹那一刹那地拆开来看

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看清楚每一个念头是怎么生起、怎么灭去的

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阿毗达摩那张元素周期表

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恰恰就是内观者手里的地图

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哪个是心

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哪个是心所

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它们怎么配合

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怎么流转

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全在上面

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所以阿毗达摩不是书呆子的游戏

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它是有用的

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它解决了真实的问题

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但是

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问题也恰恰出在这里

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你有没有注意到

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佛陀本人

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对这种事情其实是很警惕的

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有一组著名的问题

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叫十四无记

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有人问佛陀

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世界是永恒的吗

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灵魂和身体是一个东西吗

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人死后到底还存不存在

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佛陀怎么回答的

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他不回答

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他沉默

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他说

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这些问题

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对你解脱没有帮助

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就像一个中了毒箭的人

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不赶紧拔箭

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反而追问这箭是谁射的

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箭杆是什么木头做的

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那他会死在追问里

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佛陀还说过一句更重的话

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他说

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我的法就像一条渡河的竹筏

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过了河

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你就该把筏子放下

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没有人会扛着筏子继续赶路

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你品一品

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佛陀是在告诉你

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别执着于这套工具本身

251
00:07:50,901 --> 00:07:52,177
可阿毗达摩走的

252
00:07:52,540 --> 00:07:54,038
恰恰是反方向

253
00:07:54,380 --> 00:07:56,257
它要把一切都定义清楚

254
00:07:56,500 --> 00:07:57,579
分类清楚

255
00:07:57,581 --> 00:07:58,757
穷尽到底

256
00:07:59,021 --> 00:08:02,437
它在拼命地、精心地打造那只竹筏

257
00:08:02,540 --> 00:08:04,317
把它造得越来越复杂

258
00:08:04,341 --> 00:08:05,598
越来越华丽

259
00:08:05,980 --> 00:08:08,557
这就引出了今天最尖锐的那个问题

260
00:08:08,980 --> 00:08:09,617
前阵子

261
00:08:09,821 --> 00:08:11,278
有观众给我留言

262
00:08:11,380 --> 00:08:12,338
说得很不客气

263
00:08:12,661 --> 00:08:13,718
但说得对

264
00:08:14,141 --> 00:08:15,057
他说王老师

265
00:08:15,461 --> 00:08:16,798
你讲佛学的时候

266
00:08:16,901 --> 00:08:19,437
名词架构搭得太精美了

267
00:08:19,661 --> 00:08:21,017
阿赖耶识是硬件

268
00:08:21,420 --> 00:08:23,038
三自性是软件

269
00:08:23,221 --> 00:08:24,517
止观是补丁

270
00:08:24,901 --> 00:08:27,038
观众还没看见事实本身

271
00:08:27,141 --> 00:08:30,437
就先晕倒在你搭的这套系统架构里了

272
00:08:30,781 --> 00:08:32,677
你挡住了小的妄想

273
00:08:32,780 --> 00:08:34,918
却挡不住更大的填充

274
00:08:35,500 --> 00:08:36,097
我听完

275
00:08:36,500 --> 00:08:37,837
后背有点发凉

276
00:08:38,301 --> 00:08:39,258
因为这个批评

277
00:08:39,581 --> 00:08:41,197
不是今天才有的

278
00:08:41,461 --> 00:08:42,437
这场争论

279
00:08:42,461 --> 00:08:44,918
两千多年前就上演过一次了

280
00:08:45,140 --> 00:08:46,418
而那场争论的主角

281
00:08:46,740 --> 00:08:48,118
就是阿毗达摩

282
00:08:48,500 --> 00:08:49,457
把活的教法

283
00:08:49,740 --> 00:08:51,758
变成精密的死的系统

284
00:08:52,061 --> 00:08:53,217
这到底是深化

285
00:08:53,620 --> 00:08:54,418
还是偏离

286
00:08:55,221 --> 00:08:56,498
现在你回过头

287
00:08:56,860 --> 00:08:58,259
再看开头那个故事

288
00:08:58,260 --> 00:08:59,357
可能就懂了

289
00:08:59,941 --> 00:09:01,419
为什么传统非要说

290
00:09:01,421 --> 00:09:03,820
阿毗达摩是佛陀升到天上

291
00:09:03,821 --> 00:09:06,038
讲给神和他母亲听的

292
00:09:06,100 --> 00:09:08,418
而不是在人间讲给弟子听的

293
00:09:08,941 --> 00:09:11,878
因为它不像佛陀活着的时候说的话

294
00:09:12,181 --> 00:09:16,278
它太系统、太抽象、太像后人的精心设计

295
00:09:16,821 --> 00:09:18,957
学术界今天的基本共识是

296
00:09:19,020 --> 00:09:21,100
阿毗达摩是佛灭之后

297
00:09:21,100 --> 00:09:22,500
整整几百年里

298
00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:23,898
一代又一代的论师

299
00:09:24,181 --> 00:09:25,557
慢慢写出来的

300
00:09:25,701 --> 00:09:27,139
那个升天的故事

301
00:09:27,140 --> 00:09:30,038
你可以把它理解成一枚权威的印章

302
00:09:30,341 --> 00:09:34,518
当你要推出一套全新的、佛陀生前没讲过的东西

303
00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:36,337
你怎么让所有人接受它

304
00:09:36,821 --> 00:09:39,357
你得给它盖上一个佛说的章

305
00:09:39,701 --> 00:09:41,957
说这是佛陀在天界讲的

306
00:09:41,980 --> 00:09:43,518
凡人当年听不到

307
00:09:43,541 --> 00:09:45,878
现在我们替你们整理出来了

308
00:09:46,140 --> 00:09:46,937
这个传说里

309
00:09:47,140 --> 00:09:49,357
还藏着一个很妙的细节

310
00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:51,957
佛陀在天上一讲就是三个月

311
00:09:52,020 --> 00:09:53,700
可他怕人间没人听到

312
00:09:53,701 --> 00:09:54,418
将来失传

313
00:09:54,821 --> 00:09:57,118
于是每天会抽身下来一趟

314
00:09:57,140 --> 00:09:59,798
把当天讲过的要点浓缩一遍

315
00:09:59,941 --> 00:10:02,398
传给他智慧第一的弟子舍利弗

316
00:10:02,620 --> 00:10:04,820
舍利弗再展开、再整理

317
00:10:04,821 --> 00:10:07,477
这套学问才辗转流到了人间

318
00:10:07,660 --> 00:10:08,018
你看

319
00:10:08,341 --> 00:10:10,118
这个故事编得多圆满

320
00:10:10,181 --> 00:10:11,419
它一边解释了

321
00:10:11,421 --> 00:10:14,220
为什么佛陀生前那几千段对话录里

322
00:10:14,221 --> 00:10:15,918
偏偏找不到这套东西

323
00:10:16,140 --> 00:10:19,097
一边又给它接上了一条直通佛陀的

324
00:10:19,260 --> 00:10:21,278
不容你质疑的传承线

325
00:10:21,660 --> 00:10:22,700
有意思的是

326
00:10:22,701 --> 00:10:26,158
连最保守、最看重原始教法的上座部

327
00:10:26,221 --> 00:10:27,057
自己都承认

328
00:10:27,421 --> 00:10:28,860
七部论里有一部

329
00:10:28,860 --> 00:10:29,918
叫论事

330
00:10:30,020 --> 00:10:34,118
是阿育王时代一位叫目犍连子帝须的长老写的

331
00:10:34,260 --> 00:10:36,638
专门用来批驳其他部派的

332
00:10:36,740 --> 00:10:38,340
这等于亲口承认了

333
00:10:38,341 --> 00:10:40,837
论藏是可以由后人续写的

334
00:10:41,020 --> 00:10:43,057
那我们到底该怎么看阿毗达摩

335
00:10:43,500 --> 00:10:44,618
是必要的进化

336
00:10:44,821 --> 00:10:46,018
还是过度的工程

337
00:10:46,660 --> 00:10:48,557
我把两边的话都讲给你听

338
00:10:49,020 --> 00:10:50,138
支持它的人会说

339
00:10:50,541 --> 00:10:51,740
没有阿毗达摩

340
00:10:51,740 --> 00:10:53,238
就没有后来的一切

341
00:10:53,380 --> 00:10:54,298
没有这块地基

342
00:10:54,581 --> 00:10:56,398
龙树的中观盖不起来

343
00:10:56,500 --> 00:10:58,998
无著世亲的唯识也盖不起来

344
00:10:59,140 --> 00:11:01,557
整个佛教两千年的哲学高峰

345
00:11:01,581 --> 00:11:04,038
全都建立在这套源代码之上

346
00:11:04,380 --> 00:11:06,677
而且对于真正坐下来禅修的人

347
00:11:06,701 --> 00:11:08,557
那张地图不是累赘

348
00:11:08,581 --> 00:11:09,918
是救命的指南

349
00:11:10,421 --> 00:11:11,138
直到今天

350
00:11:11,500 --> 00:11:13,259
南传佛教国家的僧人

351
00:11:13,260 --> 00:11:15,798
还在一部一部地啃那七部论

352
00:11:15,860 --> 00:11:18,238
把它当成禅修的根本功课

353
00:11:18,500 --> 00:11:19,857
它活了两千多年

354
00:11:20,140 --> 00:11:21,557
到现在都没死

355
00:11:21,980 --> 00:11:23,398
反对它的人会说

356
00:11:23,500 --> 00:11:25,539
你们把一条渡河的筏子

357
00:11:25,541 --> 00:11:26,998
造成了一座宫殿

358
00:11:27,061 --> 00:11:27,937
造得太精美

359
00:11:28,140 --> 00:11:30,038
结果没人愿意下船了

360
00:11:30,301 --> 00:11:31,820
佛陀让你看月亮

361
00:11:31,821 --> 00:11:34,557
你们却在研究那根指月亮的手指

362
00:11:34,581 --> 00:11:35,918
研究了五百年

363
00:11:36,140 --> 00:11:37,937
这在佛学里有个专门的词

364
00:11:38,181 --> 00:11:39,597
叫所知障

365
00:11:39,780 --> 00:11:41,220
就是你知道得越多

366
00:11:41,221 --> 00:11:43,700
反而被你知道的东西挡住了

367
00:11:43,701 --> 00:11:45,118
看不见真相了

368
00:11:45,500 --> 00:11:46,177
这场争论

369
00:11:46,421 --> 00:11:48,677
其实从来就没真正结束过

370
00:11:49,140 --> 00:11:50,317
你甚至可以说

371
00:11:50,461 --> 00:11:52,597
后来佛教两千年的历史

372
00:11:52,660 --> 00:11:55,378
本身就是一部不断地建造系统

373
00:11:55,660 --> 00:11:58,878
又不断地有人站出来把系统推倒的历史

374
00:11:59,181 --> 00:11:59,898
有人盖楼

375
00:12:00,181 --> 00:12:01,197
有人拆楼

376
00:12:01,221 --> 00:12:03,878
拆完了又有人盖一座更高的

377
00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:05,179
而阿毗达摩

378
00:12:05,181 --> 00:12:07,798
就是第一座真正意义上的高楼

379
00:12:07,980 --> 00:12:10,118
它把佛陀那句朴素的话

380
00:12:10,181 --> 00:12:14,158
盖成了一座你得拿着地图才敢走进去的迷宫

381
00:12:14,620 --> 00:12:15,418
可你别忘了

382
00:12:15,780 --> 00:12:16,918
迷宫这个东西

383
00:12:17,181 --> 00:12:18,717
既能藏住宝藏

384
00:12:18,780 --> 00:12:21,398
也能困住那个进去寻宝的人

385
00:12:21,701 --> 00:12:22,337
哪一边对

386
00:12:23,140 --> 00:12:24,758
我不打算替你下结论

387
00:12:25,221 --> 00:12:27,557
我自己也还在河里摸石头

388
00:12:28,061 --> 00:12:31,597
但是我想给你留一个可以当下就验证的东西

389
00:12:32,341 --> 00:12:32,977
你现在

390
00:12:33,461 --> 00:12:35,638
就在听我讲话的这个当下

391
00:12:35,941 --> 00:12:36,738
你留意一下

392
00:12:37,020 --> 00:12:37,980
你的脑子里

393
00:12:37,980 --> 00:12:39,097
是不是有一个声音

394
00:12:39,301 --> 00:12:40,620
在不停地分类

395
00:12:40,620 --> 00:12:41,258
在归档

396
00:12:41,500 --> 00:12:43,379
在给每一句话贴标签

397
00:12:43,380 --> 00:12:45,937
在判断这个有道理那个没道理

398
00:12:46,461 --> 00:12:49,299
那个一刻不停、忙着整理一切的声音

399
00:12:49,301 --> 00:12:52,197
就是你心里的那位阿毗达摩论师

400
00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:53,217
它很勤劳

401
00:12:53,541 --> 00:12:54,638
它也很有用

402
00:12:54,860 --> 00:12:55,658
但你能不能

403
00:12:55,860 --> 00:12:57,139
就这么看着它

404
00:12:57,140 --> 00:12:57,937
不打断它

405
00:12:58,301 --> 00:12:59,258
也不跟着它跑

406
00:12:59,941 --> 00:13:01,477
看着那个整理者本身

407
00:13:01,860 --> 00:13:04,518
阿毗达摩把法拆到了最小

408
00:13:04,701 --> 00:13:06,638
最后得出一个惊人的结论

409
00:13:06,660 --> 00:13:08,298
叫三世实有

410
00:13:08,660 --> 00:13:09,837
法体恒存

411
00:13:10,140 --> 00:13:12,437
过去、现在、未来的法

412
00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:14,278
全都是真实存在的

413
00:13:14,500 --> 00:13:15,177
这座大厦

414
00:13:15,500 --> 00:13:16,437
盖到了顶

415
00:13:16,780 --> 00:13:18,899
但就在同一个阵营的内部

416
00:13:18,900 --> 00:13:20,340
已经有人站出来

417
00:13:20,341 --> 00:13:21,138
皱着眉头说

418
00:13:21,541 --> 00:13:22,197
不对

419
00:13:22,541 --> 00:13:23,898
你们拆得越精细

420
00:13:24,260 --> 00:13:25,957
可能离佛陀越远

421
00:13:26,260 --> 00:13:27,138
过去和未来

422
00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:29,317
根本不是实有的

423
00:13:29,660 --> 00:13:30,418
这个人是谁

424
00:13:30,941 --> 00:13:32,059
他又凭什么

425
00:13:32,061 --> 00:13:35,337
敢去拆同门师兄弟亲手盖了几百年的大厦

426
00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:37,298
这就是我们下一次

427
00:13:37,500 --> 00:13:38,798
要走进的故事

428
00:13:39,181 --> 00:13:39,817
听到这里

429
00:13:40,061 --> 00:13:41,918
我特别想知道你的答案

430
00:13:42,260 --> 00:13:42,817
你觉得

431
00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:44,700
把一套修行的智慧

432
00:13:44,701 --> 00:13:46,677
写成精密的系统和理论

433
00:13:46,860 --> 00:13:47,977
到底是在帮我们

434
00:13:48,181 --> 00:13:49,177
还是在挡我们

435
00:13:49,780 --> 00:13:52,197
你自己在学习和成长的路上

436
00:13:52,260 --> 00:13:55,937
有没有过那种知道得越多、反而越迷茫的时刻

437
00:13:56,541 --> 00:13:58,038
在评论区告诉我

438
00:13:58,221 --> 00:13:58,977
我是王利杰

439
00:13:59,221 --> 00:13:59,980
我们下期见