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回向

2
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到底在干什么

3
00:00:03,266 --> 00:00:07,333
脑科学给出了答案 如果你去过寺庙

4
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参加过法会

5
00:00:08,933 --> 00:00:11,633
或者自己有念佛打坐的习惯

6
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对回向这个词一定不陌生

7
00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:15,766
每次做完功课

8
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师父会带你念一段回向文：愿以此功德

9
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庄严佛净土

10
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上报四重恩

11
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下济三途苦

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你跟着念了

13
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但你有没有想过一个问题

14
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你刚才那个动作

15
00:00:29,366 --> 00:00:31,500
在你的意识里到底发生了什么

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绝大多数人会说

17
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就是把功德分享给别人啊

18
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好

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那我问你

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功德是一种什么东西

21
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它存放在哪里

22
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它怎么分享

23
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通过什么介质传输

24
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如果你把功德分出去了

25
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你自己是不是就少了

26
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你分给法界一切众生

27
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有无量无数种生命形态

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每个众生分到多少

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够用吗

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你发现了吗

31
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只要你沿着功德是一种可以转账的资源

32
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这条逻辑往下走

33
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每一步都踩空

34
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它在你最基本的物理直觉面前完全站不住脚

35
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所以要么回向是迷信

36
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要么它根本不是你以为的那回事

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今天这期视频

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我要用认知神经科学和社会心理学的研究成果

39
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来回答这个问题

40
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当我把答案推导出来之后

41
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我发现一件让我极其震撼的事

42
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回向在佛学修行体系中的真正角色

43
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远比你想象的重要

44
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它不是修行之后的客套话

45
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它是整个大乘修行系统的安全阀

46
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没有它

47
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你修得越多

48
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可能反而越危险

49
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哈喽

50
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大家好

51
00:01:45,300 --> 00:01:45,866
我是王利杰

52
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要理解回向在干什么

53
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我们先要搞清楚一件更基础的事

54
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同样一个行为

55
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你做的时候心里想的不同

56
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你的大脑会发生什么不同的事

57
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这个问题

58
00:01:59,366 --> 00:02:03,033
过去二十年的认知神经科学给出了非常清晰的

59
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实证答案

60
00:02:04,033 --> 00:02:05,433
2007年

61
00:02:05,433 --> 00:02:09,800
俄勒冈大学的研究团队用核磁共振做了一项经典实验

62
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他们给受试者一笔钱

63
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然后分两种情况

64
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第一种

65
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这笔钱被强制抽税捐给了慈善机构

66
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你没有选择权

67
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第二种

68
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你自愿决定是否把钱捐出去

69
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两种情况下

70
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钱都到了同一个慈善机构

71
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金额相同

72
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接受帮助的人也一样

73
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外部结果完全相同

74
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但大脑反应完全不同

75
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当受试者是自愿捐出的时候

76
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大脑里有一片区域的激活强度

77
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显著高于被动捐出的情况

78
00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:48,666
那就是腹侧纹状体

79
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它是奖赏回路的核心

80
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就是你吃到美食

81
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赚到钱

82
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收到别人赞美时

83
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会亮起来的那个区域

84
00:02:58,133 --> 00:02:59,900
而在这个实验之后

85
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过去二十年的多项脑成像研究也进一步发现

86
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在自愿利他的行为中

87
00:03:06,366 --> 00:03:10,133
还有两个关键脑区会被同步激活

88
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一个是颞顶联合区

89
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这个区域负责心智化

90
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也就是你站在别人的立场上想象别人体验的能力

91
00:03:20,133 --> 00:03:23,833
另一个是前额叶内侧皮层

92
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负责自我反思和社会认知

93
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这意味着什么

94
00:03:28,233 --> 00:03:30,333
意味着同一个外部行为

95
00:03:30,366 --> 00:03:32,233
掏出一百块钱

96
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因为内在意向的不同

97
00:03:33,966 --> 00:03:37,066
在大脑里激活的是两套完全不同的神经回路

98
00:03:37,966 --> 00:03:39,900
一套是纯奖赏回路

99
00:03:39,900 --> 00:03:41,133
跟吃了一颗糖差不多

100
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另一套是奖赏回路加上社会认知网络的广泛协同

101
00:03:46,433 --> 00:03:48,600
相当于吃了一颗糖的同时

102
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做了一次全脑整合训练

103
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一个行为

104
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两种意向

105
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两种神经签名

106
00:03:54,933 --> 00:03:56,333
后续更多研究

107
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进一步验证了这个发现

108
00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:00,033
2008年

109
00:04:00,066 --> 00:04:03,666
哈佛大学和英属哥伦比亚大学的联合团队

110
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发表在顶级学术期刊科学上的研究发现

111
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把钱花在别人身上的人

112
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幸福感显著高于把同样金额花在自己身上的人

113
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这种效应

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在不同收入水平的人群中都稳定存在

115
00:04:21,733 --> 00:04:25,533
不管你是年收入两万美元还是二十万美元

116
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利他性支出带来的幸福感提升都显著存在

117
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后续的跨文化研究也进一步证实了这个结论的普适性

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2017年

119
00:04:35,700 --> 00:04:39,600
苏黎世大学的一项神经经济学研究更精确地揭示了

120
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背后的机制

121
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当你做出利他决策时

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颞顶联合区和腹侧纹状体之间会形成一种功能性连接

123
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这两个平时各干各的区域突然开始协同工作

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研究者发现

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这种跨区域的功能连接越强

126
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受试者报告的幸福感就越高

127
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你注意到关键点了吗

128
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不是做了好事让你快乐

129
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是在利他的意向框架下做了事

130
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让你的大脑以一种更整合的方式运转

131
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做了什么不是关键

132
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带着什么心去做

133
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才是

134
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这个洞见在心理学中有一个专门的术语

135
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叫自我超越

136
00:05:19,833 --> 00:05:21,166
弗兰克尔

137
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纳粹集中营的幸存者

138
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意义疗法的创始人

139
00:05:24,733 --> 00:05:28,533
早在上世纪六十年代就提出过一个观察

140
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人类幸福感的最深来源

141
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不是自我满足

142
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而是自我超越

143
00:05:34,033 --> 00:05:38,466
当你的注意力和意图指向超出自我边界的目标时

144
00:05:38,500 --> 00:05:43,133
你反而获得了一种自我满足永远给不了你的东西

145
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意义感

146
00:05:44,433 --> 00:05:48,533
弗兰克尔是从集中营的极端经验中观察到这一点的

147
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几十年后的神经科学

148
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用脑扫描证实了他的直觉

149
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好

150
00:05:55,366 --> 00:05:57,466
记住上面这个核心发现

151
00:05:57,500 --> 00:05:58,533
同一行为

152
00:05:58,533 --> 00:06:00,033
意向性不同

153
00:06:00,033 --> 00:06:02,033
大脑的整合模式不同

154
00:06:02,066 --> 00:06:03,500
心理效果不同

155
00:06:04,233 --> 00:06:06,966
这是我们理解回向的科学地基

156
00:06:07,733 --> 00:06:09,333
现在我加入第二块拼图

157
00:06:10,100 --> 00:06:14,033
我在打坐那期详细讲过预测编码理论

158
00:06:14,066 --> 00:06:16,700
你的大脑不是一台被动的接收器

159
00:06:16,700 --> 00:06:18,533
而是一台主动的预测发生器

160
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它时刻在用先验信念自上而下地编造世界

161
00:06:23,700 --> 00:06:26,533
感官数据只是负责校准这个编造过程

162
00:06:27,500 --> 00:06:28,900
先验信念的强度

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00:06:28,900 --> 00:06:30,566
也就是精度权重

164
00:06:30,566 --> 00:06:33,566
决定了你对一个信念有多执着

165
00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:34,900
多难被现实纠正

166
00:06:35,766 --> 00:06:38,666
今天我要在这个框架上往前推一步

167
00:06:39,566 --> 00:06:41,600
你所有的先验信念里

168
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有一个信念最特殊

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精度权重最高

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几乎永远不会被任何感官数据纠正

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就是我是一个独立的、持续存在的自我这个信念

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神经科学把维持这个信念的核心网络叫做

173
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默认模式网络

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你坐在那里什么都不干的时候

175
00:07:02,066 --> 00:07:03,800
这个网络最活跃

176
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它在不停地编织关于我的故事

177
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我过去做了什么

178
00:07:08,300 --> 00:07:10,166
我现在是什么样的人

179
00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:11,266
我将来要怎么办

180
00:07:12,066 --> 00:07:16,000
它是你大脑里那个永远不肯闭嘴的自我叙事机器

181
00:07:16,666 --> 00:07:18,833
而这恰恰是痛苦的温床

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00:07:19,266 --> 00:07:20,766
2010年

183
00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:22,800
哈佛大学的一项著名研究

184
00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:26,866
用手机随机采样了两千多人的即时心理状态

185
00:07:26,900 --> 00:07:28,533
发现一个惊人的结论

186
00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:32,300
人们在走神状态下报告的幸福感显著更低

187
00:07:33,100 --> 00:07:36,833
而走神状态在脑成像研究中和默认模式网络

188
00:07:36,866 --> 00:07:39,200
的高度活跃密切相关

189
00:07:39,200 --> 00:07:42,200
也就是大脑在编织自我相关故事的状态

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00:07:42,333 --> 00:07:44,833
不是遇到坏事的时候最不快乐

191
00:07:44,833 --> 00:07:46,600
而是你什么事都没做

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00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:49,466
大脑在自动运转自我叙事的时候

193
00:07:49,500 --> 00:07:51,066
幸福感会明显下降

194
00:07:51,900 --> 00:07:53,666
默认模式网络越活跃

195
00:07:53,666 --> 00:07:54,400
你越痛苦

196
00:07:55,066 --> 00:07:56,600
自我叙事越密集

197
00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:57,366
你越焦虑

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00:07:58,333 --> 00:07:59,133
反过来

199
00:07:59,133 --> 00:08:00,866
什么时候人最快乐

200
00:08:01,133 --> 00:08:03,133
全神贯注做一件事

201
00:08:03,166 --> 00:08:04,433
忘了自己的时候

202
00:08:04,433 --> 00:08:05,666
也就是心流状态

203
00:08:06,566 --> 00:08:08,466
心流状态的神经特征

204
00:08:08,500 --> 00:08:11,533
恰恰是默认模式网络活动大幅下降

205
00:08:12,333 --> 00:08:14,133
你看到这个悖论了吗

206
00:08:14,300 --> 00:08:15,300
我越强

207
00:08:15,300 --> 00:08:15,900
越痛苦

208
00:08:16,833 --> 00:08:17,966
我越弱

209
00:08:17,966 --> 00:08:18,366
越自由

210
00:08:19,166 --> 00:08:20,000
好

211
00:08:20,033 --> 00:08:22,700
现在我要把这两块拼图拼在一起

212
00:08:23,633 --> 00:08:25,566
当你做完一件善事

213
00:08:25,566 --> 00:08:29,500
你的默认模式网络会自动做一件事

214
00:08:29,533 --> 00:08:31,966
把这个善事打包进我的叙事里

215
00:08:32,900 --> 00:08:34,866
我做了一件好事

216
00:08:34,900 --> 00:08:36,800
我是一个善良的人

217
00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:37,700
我积累了功德

218
00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:40,533
这不是你刻意想的

219
00:08:40,533 --> 00:08:43,533
是默认模式网络的自动操作

220
00:08:43,533 --> 00:08:45,966
它把所有体验都标注成我的

221
00:08:47,100 --> 00:08:50,766
这个标注过程在神经层面意味着什么

222
00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:54,300
意味着你的善行激活的那个广泛的

223
00:08:54,533 --> 00:08:57,633
整合的、利他的神经模式

224
00:08:57,666 --> 00:09:01,600
被重新路由回了自我参照加工的狭窄回路

225
00:09:02,633 --> 00:09:05,533
你的大脑本来打开了一扇窗

226
00:09:05,533 --> 00:09:10,733
利他意向激活了社会脑、共情脑、全脑协同

227
00:09:10,733 --> 00:09:14,666
但默认模式网络迅速把这扇窗关上了

228
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把一切重新收编进我的故事里

229
00:09:18,033 --> 00:09:20,833
你猜接下来会发生什么

230
00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:22,566
你做善事的动力

231
00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:24,333
变成了对好人身份的维护

232
00:09:24,900 --> 00:09:28,266
你布施是为了觉得自己慷慨

233
00:09:28,266 --> 00:09:30,566
你打坐是为了觉得自己境界高

234
00:09:31,533 --> 00:09:34,933
你修行不是在松动自我这个信念

235
00:09:34,933 --> 00:09:36,166
恰恰相反

236
00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:38,233
你在用修行来加固它

237
00:09:38,900 --> 00:09:42,600
你的先验信念从我是一个普通人

238
00:09:42,633 --> 00:09:45,800
升级成了我是一个有修行的人

239
00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:47,900
精度权重不但没降

240
00:09:47,900 --> 00:09:48,600
反而更高了

241
00:09:49,500 --> 00:09:52,666
这就是为什么很多修行多年的人

242
00:09:52,666 --> 00:09:53,500
越修越傲慢

243
00:09:54,533 --> 00:09:55,900
神经科学告诉你

244
00:09:55,900 --> 00:09:57,500
这不是道德问题

245
00:09:57,500 --> 00:09:58,800
这是机制问题

246
00:09:59,066 --> 00:10:02,933
你的默认模式网络在劫持你的修行成果

247
00:10:02,933 --> 00:10:04,166
把它变成我的燃料

248
00:10:05,100 --> 00:10:06,633
你以为你在修行

249
00:10:06,633 --> 00:10:08,633
其实你在装修牢房

250
00:10:09,933 --> 00:10:10,966
而回向

251
00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:13,000
就是针对这个机制的精确干预

252
00:10:13,633 --> 00:10:15,333
当你做完善事之后

253
00:10:15,366 --> 00:10:16,833
念那段回向文

254
00:10:16,833 --> 00:10:18,100
愿以此功德

255
00:10:18,133 --> 00:10:19,733
庄严佛净土

256
00:10:19,733 --> 00:10:21,000
你在做什么

257
00:10:21,166 --> 00:10:24,933
你在默认模式网络对你的善行盖章之前

258
00:10:24,933 --> 00:10:29,700
主动把意向性的方向从指向自我切换成指向一切

259
00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:32,800
结合前面的神经科学研究

260
00:10:32,800 --> 00:10:35,233
这个切换会触发什么

261
00:10:35,333 --> 00:10:36,166
第一

262
00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:39,400
它阻止了善行的神经效应被收编进

263
00:10:39,433 --> 00:10:41,300
自我参照加工的狭窄回路

264
00:10:42,100 --> 00:10:42,833
第二

265
00:10:42,866 --> 00:10:46,633
它重新激活了利他意向特有的那个广泛的

266
00:10:46,633 --> 00:10:48,433
脑网络协同模式

267
00:10:48,466 --> 00:10:53,633
颞顶联合区、前额叶内侧、腹侧纹状体的联动

268
00:10:54,533 --> 00:10:55,233
第三

269
00:10:55,233 --> 00:10:57,000
也是最关键的

270
00:10:57,033 --> 00:11:00,933
它降低了默认模式网络中自我这个先验

271
00:11:00,933 --> 00:11:02,033
信念的精度权重

272
00:11:03,033 --> 00:11:07,700
每一次你把功德的指向从我转向一切众生

273
00:11:07,733 --> 00:11:10,400
就是在对默认模式网络说

274
00:11:10,433 --> 00:11:12,233
这次不用标注成我的

275
00:11:13,166 --> 00:11:14,700
一次的效果微乎其微

276
00:11:15,433 --> 00:11:17,900
但你每天做功课都回向

277
00:11:17,933 --> 00:11:20,000
每次做善事都回向

278
00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:22,533
每个念佛的晚上都回向

279
00:11:22,566 --> 00:11:25,866
成百上千次地重复这个意向性切换

280
00:11:25,866 --> 00:11:28,933
你就在持续地训练你的大脑

281
00:11:28,933 --> 00:11:31,666
降低自我这个最顽固的先验信念的权重

282
00:11:32,266 --> 00:11:35,533
打坐是用止来主动降低先验权重

283
00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:40,300
回向是用意向性切换来被动降低先验权重

284
00:11:41,066 --> 00:11:42,200
两种方法

285
00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:43,733
同一个目标

286
00:11:43,733 --> 00:11:45,166
松动那个最大的执着

287
00:11:45,533 --> 00:11:46,233
好

288
00:11:46,233 --> 00:11:47,166
科学部分到这里

289
00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:52,866
现在我要做一件这期视频最核心的事

290
00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:56,300
把回向放回佛学唯识宗的框架里

291
00:11:57,100 --> 00:11:58,366
唯识宗说

292
00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:02,466
你的每一个行为都会在阿赖耶识里种下一颗种子

293
00:12:03,066 --> 00:12:05,933
种子的性质取决于两个维度

294
00:12:05,966 --> 00:12:08,566
行为本身的善恶

295
00:12:08,566 --> 00:12:10,400
以及你做这个行为时的意向

296
00:12:11,233 --> 00:12:12,366
你发现了吗

297
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:16,066
这跟神经科学说的几乎是同一句话

298
00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:18,633
同一行为在不同意向下

299
00:12:18,666 --> 00:12:20,566
留下完全不同的神经痕迹

300
00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:23,866
种子的性质由意向决定

301
00:12:23,900 --> 00:12:26,933
就是神经签名由意向框架决定

302
00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:28,300
再往下看

303
00:12:29,133 --> 00:12:35,766
唯识宗说第七识末那识会自动把所有体验标注成我的

304
00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:38,933
它是一个永远在线的自我制造机

305
00:12:38,933 --> 00:12:40,766
你意识不到它在运转

306
00:12:40,766 --> 00:12:43,766
但它时刻在把一切收编进我的叙事

307
00:12:44,966 --> 00:12:47,300
这不就是默认模式网络吗

308
00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:52,433
一千五百年前无著和世亲用内观发现了它

309
00:12:52,433 --> 00:12:55,400
二十一世纪的脑科学用核磁共振

310
00:12:55,433 --> 00:12:57,033
重新发现了同一个东西

311
00:12:57,733 --> 00:12:58,266
还不止

312
00:12:59,133 --> 00:13:03,000
唯识宗说末那识的执有强弱之分

313
00:13:03,133 --> 00:13:04,933
有些执着根深蒂固

314
00:13:04,933 --> 00:13:07,200
有些比较浅

315
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,833
修行的过程就是逐步松动这些执着

316
00:13:10,666 --> 00:13:14,666
预测编码说先验信念有精度权重

317
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:17,566
权重越高越难被修正

318
00:13:17,566 --> 00:13:20,200
修行的过程就是降低过高的权重

319
00:13:21,133 --> 00:13:22,066
执的强弱

320
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:23,466
就是精度权重

321
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:24,800
最后

322
00:13:24,833 --> 00:13:26,166
最精确的对应来了

323
00:13:26,966 --> 00:13:29,933
唯识宗说回向在干什么

324
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:34,466
回向是在种子被末那识盖上我的标签之前

325
00:13:34,466 --> 00:13:36,700
主动把那个标签撕掉

326
00:13:36,700 --> 00:13:39,033
换上一个一切众生的标签

327
00:13:40,066 --> 00:13:42,400
种子还在你的阿赖耶识里

328
00:13:42,433 --> 00:13:44,366
你没有把它寄给任何人

329
00:13:44,366 --> 00:13:46,866
但种子的意向属性被改写了

330
00:13:47,633 --> 00:13:52,800
唯识宗把带有我执标记的善种子叫有漏善

331
00:13:52,833 --> 00:13:54,033
有漏洞的善

332
00:13:54,066 --> 00:13:55,566
做了会有回报

333
00:13:55,566 --> 00:13:57,700
但回报用完了种子就耗尽了

334
00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:02,733
把我执标记去掉的善种子叫无漏善

335
00:14:02,733 --> 00:14:04,133
没有漏洞的善

336
00:14:04,133 --> 00:14:06,933
因为它的意向指向没有边界

337
00:14:06,966 --> 00:14:08,666
能量结构也是开放的

338
00:14:09,633 --> 00:14:12,433
翻译成预测编码的语言

339
00:14:12,466 --> 00:14:16,666
回向是在善行的神经效应被默认模式网络

340
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:19,666
收编进自我参照回路之前

341
00:14:19,666 --> 00:14:22,600
主动将意向框架切换为利他框架

342
00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:29,766
这个切换改变了善行在大脑中留下的神经痕迹的类型

343
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,133
从激活狭窄的自我奖赏回路

344
00:14:32,133 --> 00:14:34,800
变成激活广泛的脑网络协同模式

345
00:14:35,700 --> 00:14:38,766
前者的效应窄且短暂

346
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:39,866
对应有漏

347
00:14:41,066 --> 00:14:43,800
后者的效应广且持久

348
00:14:43,933 --> 00:14:45,100
对应无漏

349
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:47,300
你们看到了吗

350
00:14:47,366 --> 00:14:49,200
唯识宗和预测编码

351
00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:50,233
不只是有点像

352
00:14:51,133 --> 00:14:54,233
它们是用两种语言写的同一本操作手册

353
00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:58,633
而且这里面有一个极其精妙的地方

354
00:14:58,633 --> 00:15:01,266
回向不是把功德减少了

355
00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:02,633
而是把功德升级了

356
00:15:03,566 --> 00:15:04,900
你没有损失任何东西

357
00:15:05,633 --> 00:15:08,166
你只是通过改变意向属性

358
00:15:08,166 --> 00:15:11,700
把一颗在狭窄回路里运转的种子改写成了

359
00:15:11,733 --> 00:15:14,466
一颗在开放网络里运转的种子

360
00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:16,633
这不是减法

361
00:15:16,633 --> 00:15:17,133
是乘法

362
00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:19,166
现在我们可以理解

363
00:15:19,166 --> 00:15:22,166
为什么大乘佛教的所有修行法门

364
00:15:22,166 --> 00:15:26,366
不管是打坐、念佛、持咒、拜忏

365
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:28,533
结束之后都要做回向了

366
00:15:29,266 --> 00:15:31,266
因为如果你不做回向

367
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:35,166
你刚才的修行成果就会被默认模式网络

368
00:15:35,166 --> 00:15:36,833
也就是末那识

369
00:15:36,866 --> 00:15:41,166
自动收编为我修的、我的功德、我的进步

370
00:15:41,833 --> 00:15:46,533
修行本身变成了喂养自我这个最大先验信念的饲料

371
00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:49,433
你的权重不降反升

372
00:15:49,466 --> 00:15:50,333
你越修

373
00:15:50,366 --> 00:15:51,066
我越膨胀

374
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:56,100
这就是佛学里说的修行中最可怕的陷阱

375
00:15:56,100 --> 00:15:56,366
我慢

376
00:15:57,366 --> 00:15:59,100
我修了十年了

377
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:00,333
我吃素了

378
00:16:00,366 --> 00:16:02,500
我每天打坐两小时

379
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:03,600
我读了多少经书

380
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:08,100
这些全是末那识在给我的叙事添砖加瓦

381
00:16:08,933 --> 00:16:10,566
你以为你在修行

382
00:16:10,566 --> 00:16:12,666
其实你在装修牢房

383
00:16:13,633 --> 00:16:16,300
回向就是防止这个陷阱的安全阀

384
00:16:17,133 --> 00:16:19,166
每次修行之后做回向

385
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:21,633
就是在对默认模式网络说

386
00:16:21,633 --> 00:16:22,833
这一次的成果

387
00:16:22,866 --> 00:16:23,900
不要标注成我的

388
00:16:25,133 --> 00:16:26,966
一次撕一片标签

389
00:16:26,966 --> 00:16:28,266
再一次撕一片标签

390
00:16:29,133 --> 00:16:30,966
你不是在对抗自我

391
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:32,900
对抗只会强化它

392
00:16:32,900 --> 00:16:35,133
你是在每次它盖章的时候

393
00:16:35,166 --> 00:16:37,566
温柔但坚定地把章抹去

394
00:16:38,466 --> 00:16:40,133
这就是为什么我说

395
00:16:40,133 --> 00:16:43,566
回向是整个大乘修行系统的安全阀

396
00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:46,866
没有回向的修行

397
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:49,633
就像一个没有排气口的高压锅

398
00:16:49,633 --> 00:16:52,566
压力全部转化成了自我膨胀的蒸汽

399
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:54,700
理解到这一层之后

400
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:56,833
我再给你加一个AI的视角

401
00:16:56,833 --> 00:16:58,133
让这个结构更完整

402
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:00,600
在机器学习中

403
00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:02,966
损失函数定义了模型的优化方向

404
00:17:03,633 --> 00:17:05,433
一个狭窄的损失函数

405
00:17:05,466 --> 00:17:08,200
比如只优化这一道题的正确率

406
00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:11,600
会让模型快速收敛但极度过拟合

407
00:17:11,633 --> 00:17:12,933
换一道题就傻了

408
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,000
一个广泛的损失函数

409
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:18,833
在千万道不同的题上都表现好

410
00:17:18,866 --> 00:17:19,933
学得更慢

411
00:17:19,966 --> 00:17:22,066
但最终习得的是泛化能力

412
00:17:23,133 --> 00:17:24,466
回向做的事情

413
00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:28,366
就是把你修行的损失函数从最小化我的痛苦

414
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:30,800
切换成最小化一切众生的痛苦

415
00:17:31,900 --> 00:17:33,733
优化目标变大了

416
00:17:33,733 --> 00:17:35,366
训练变难了

417
00:17:35,366 --> 00:17:38,666
但你学到的不再是局部最优的技巧

418
00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:41,133
而是趋向全局最优的深层结构

419
00:17:42,066 --> 00:17:45,633
而且多智能体强化学习的研究反复证实

420
00:17:45,666 --> 00:17:48,000
一个反直觉的结论

421
00:17:48,033 --> 00:17:49,700
在复杂环境中

422
00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:54,066
采用合作策略的智能体最终的总收益高于

423
00:17:54,100 --> 00:17:55,566
纯粹自私的智能体

424
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:58,433
不是因为合作更高尚

425
00:17:58,433 --> 00:18:02,900
是因为合作迫使你建立更精确的世界模型

426
00:18:02,933 --> 00:18:05,633
你必须理解其他智能体的状态

427
00:18:05,633 --> 00:18:07,433
预测它们的行为

428
00:18:07,433 --> 00:18:08,400
协调你的策略

429
00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:12,766
这个过程本身就让你的模型变得更强大

430
00:18:13,766 --> 00:18:16,466
自私是一种计算上的偷懒

431
00:18:17,133 --> 00:18:19,333
利他是一种计算上的勤奋

432
00:18:20,066 --> 00:18:23,666
回向是从偷懒切换到勤奋的那个开关

433
00:18:24,033 --> 00:18:25,333
讲到这里

434
00:18:25,333 --> 00:18:27,200
我想把全部线索收束起来

435
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,100
回向到底在干什么

436
00:18:30,266 --> 00:18:31,233
三个层面

437
00:18:31,233 --> 00:18:31,766
一个结构

438
00:18:32,433 --> 00:18:33,933
神经科学层面

439
00:18:34,166 --> 00:18:36,900
回向是一次意向性切换

440
00:18:36,933 --> 00:18:40,500
它阻止善行的神经效应被默认模式

441
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:44,033
网络收编进自我参照的狭窄回路

442
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,800
转而激活利他意向特有的全脑协同模式

443
00:18:48,066 --> 00:18:49,533
每一次回向

444
00:18:49,566 --> 00:18:52,400
都是对自我这个最顽固的先验信念的

445
00:18:52,433 --> 00:18:55,566
精度权重的一次微小调降

446
00:18:56,266 --> 00:18:58,200
唯识学层面

447
00:18:58,233 --> 00:19:03,133
回向是在种子被末那识盖上我的标签之前

448
00:19:03,133 --> 00:19:04,966
主动撕掉标签

449
00:19:04,966 --> 00:19:07,433
把有漏善升级为无漏善

450
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:10,333
种子没有减少

451
00:19:10,366 --> 00:19:12,300
种子的意向属性被改写了

452
00:19:13,333 --> 00:19:16,566
AI层面

453
00:19:17,066 --> 00:19:23,366
回向是把修行的损失函数从局部优化切换为全局优化

454
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:26,200
从过拟合走向泛化

455
00:19:27,333 --> 00:19:28,300
三种语言

456
00:19:28,333 --> 00:19:29,133
一种操作

457
00:19:29,833 --> 00:19:33,366
而这种操作的核心指向同一件事

458
00:19:33,366 --> 00:19:37,100
回向真正的作用对象不是外面的众生

459
00:19:37,133 --> 00:19:39,333
是你自己的末那识

460
00:19:39,366 --> 00:19:41,700
是你的默认模式网络

461
00:19:41,700 --> 00:19:45,733
是那个把一切都标注成我的自动盖章机

462
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:47,366
说到这里

463
00:19:47,366 --> 00:19:49,500
我想分享一个让我很触动的发现

464
00:19:50,366 --> 00:19:53,100
金刚经里有一句极其有名的话

465
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:54,733
应无所住而生其心

466
00:19:55,666 --> 00:19:57,400
以前我理解为不要执着

467
00:19:58,100 --> 00:20:01,066
今天从回向的角度重新看这句话

468
00:20:01,066 --> 00:20:02,300
我突然发现

469
00:20:02,333 --> 00:20:05,800
这不就是对回向终极形态的精确描述吗

470
00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:07,333
无所住

471
00:20:07,333 --> 00:20:10,166
不把任何善行的成果安住在我上面

472
00:20:11,066 --> 00:20:12,133
生其心

473
00:20:12,133 --> 00:20:13,800
在不安住的前提下

474
00:20:13,833 --> 00:20:16,566
依然生起做善事、帮助众生的心

475
00:20:17,333 --> 00:20:19,233
不是先做了再送出去

476
00:20:19,233 --> 00:20:21,933
是从一开始心就不住在我上面

477
00:20:23,066 --> 00:20:24,800
如果你能做到这一步

478
00:20:24,866 --> 00:20:27,866
你就不再需要刻意做回向了

479
00:20:27,866 --> 00:20:31,666
因为你的每一个起心动念天然就是回向的状态

480
00:20:32,633 --> 00:20:35,933
默认模式网络的自动盖章功能被你改写了

481
00:20:36,766 --> 00:20:39,833
末那识转化为了平等性智

482
00:20:39,866 --> 00:20:44,000
这正是唯识宗说的转识成智中最关键的一步

483
00:20:44,633 --> 00:20:46,466
但对绝大多数人来说

484
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:47,933
包括我自己

485
00:20:47,966 --> 00:20:49,600
还远远到不了那个境界

486
00:20:50,466 --> 00:20:52,966
所以回向是训练轮

487
00:20:52,966 --> 00:20:56,000
就像小孩学自行车时装的辅助轮

488
00:20:56,766 --> 00:20:58,800
你靠它来练习平衡

489
00:20:58,833 --> 00:21:02,266
直到有一天你的平衡感强到不再需要它

490
00:21:03,033 --> 00:21:05,333
最后我想抛出一个更大的问题

491
00:21:06,433 --> 00:21:10,666
回向只能在做完正式的修行之后才做吗

492
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:12,966
你能不能对你的工作回向

493
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:15,033
对你今天做的饭回向

494
00:21:15,133 --> 00:21:18,766
对你送孩子上学的路上说的每一句话回向

495
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:24,033
如果每一个日常行为都可以通过回向来改写意向属性

496
00:21:24,033 --> 00:21:27,266
那回向就不只是一个修行仪轨了

497
00:21:27,300 --> 00:21:28,266
它是一种活法

498
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:30,533
一种让你的每一天

499
00:21:30,566 --> 00:21:34,600
不管你是在办公室、在厨房、在地铁上

500
00:21:34,633 --> 00:21:37,533
都变成一个不间断运转的修行道场的活法

501
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:40,333
而你的默认模式网络

502
00:21:40,366 --> 00:21:41,200
你的末那识

503
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:45,200
就在每一天的每一次意向性切换中

504
00:21:45,233 --> 00:21:46,666
被松动一点点

505
00:21:46,666 --> 00:21:47,400
再松动一点点

506
00:21:48,333 --> 00:21:53,266
这也许就是为什么禅宗说搬柴运水皆是修行

507
00:21:53,266 --> 00:21:58,133
而大乘佛教说一切时一切处皆可修行的真正含义

508
00:21:58,466 --> 00:22:00,200
不是让你随时随地打坐

509
00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:02,500
是让你随时随地回向

510
00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:03,600
你觉得呢

511
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,333
你有做回向的习惯吗

512
00:22:05,733 --> 00:22:08,933
做回向的时候你内心真正的感受是什么

513
00:22:09,033 --> 00:22:11,166
是真心觉得在利益众生

514
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,233
还是说实话只是念了一段词

515
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:15,533
如果是后者

516
00:22:15,533 --> 00:22:16,633
没关系

517
00:22:16,633 --> 00:22:18,666
因为神经科学告诉你

518
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:20,600
即使你只是在走形式

519
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:22,533
只要你重复足够多次

520
00:22:22,533 --> 00:22:25,433
你的大脑也会慢慢被这个形式塑造

521
00:22:25,766 --> 00:22:27,533
行为会反过来改变信念

522
00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:31,133
先验信念的权重不是只能从内部调的

523
00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:35,066
它也可以被外部行为持续地、一点一点地修正

524
00:22:35,900 --> 00:22:36,833
先行动

525
00:22:36,866 --> 00:22:37,366
后内化

526
00:22:38,066 --> 00:22:41,866
这大概是整个修行系统最朴素也最深刻的秘密

527
00:22:42,766 --> 00:22:43,600
我是王利杰

528
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:44,933
我们下期见