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Is Indra's Net myth or physics

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The holographic principle gives the answer

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In 1947

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Hungarian physicist Gabor invented the hologram

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The technology later won him the Nobel Prize

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But what really made physicists sit up

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wasn't that holograms could capture 3D images

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it was an accidental discovery

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Cut a holographic plate down the middle

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and each half still contains the complete 3D image

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Cut again

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and again

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Even down to a tiny fragment

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it still holds all the information of the whole picture

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just at a lower resolution

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The part contains the whole

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Those few words

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later blew open an entirely new direction in physics

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But guess what

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In Chang'an more than 1300 years ago

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there was a monk who without holography

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without quantum mechanics

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without any modern physics at all

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used a net and a pile of jewels

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to precisely describe the same structure

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Hello

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everyone

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I'm Leo Wang

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We previously did an episode on the isomorphism between the Avatamsaka Sutra and AI parameter space

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Many viewers said it gave them chills

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Today we switch to a different dimension

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not AI this time

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but physics

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Let's see how the holographic principle and quantum entanglement

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coming from a completely different path

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ran straight into Indra's Net from the Avatamsaka Sutra

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First what exactly is Indra's Net

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It comes from the Avatamsaka Sutra

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the core image the Huayan school uses to describe the true structure of the universe

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Fazang the third patriarch of the Huayan school

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lived in the Tang dynasty under Empress Wu Zetian

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His explanation goes like this

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Imagine an infinite net hanging in the palace of Indra

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At every node of the net sits a jewel

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Here is the key

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These jewels are not solid

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they are transparent

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So the surface of every jewel

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reflects the images of all the other jewels on the net

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And inside those reflections

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are reflections of reflections

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without end

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Fazang gave a famous demonstration for Wu Zetian

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He placed a large mirror on each of the four walls the ceiling and the floor

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with a Buddha statue and a candle in the middle

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The moment the candle was lit

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the six mirrors reflected one another

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mirrors within mirrors

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and mirrors within those mirrors

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layer upon layer into infinity

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He said

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Your Majesty look

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this is the true structure of the dharma realm

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one is all

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all is one

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Note that Indra's Net has three key properties

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First

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transparency

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No jewel has any color or content of its own

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everything it has comes from reflecting the other jewels

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In Buddhist terms

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no node has an independent self nature

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Second

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mutual containment

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It is not that A reflects B first

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and then B reflects A

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it happens simultaneously

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A and B define each other

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each presupposes the other

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Third

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recursion

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Inside each reflection are reflections of reflections

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Starting from any jewel

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you can see the complete information of the entire net

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just projected from the perspective of your node

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Remember these three words

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transparency

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mutual containment

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recursion

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You might think this is just poetic imagination from a Buddhist scripture

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People 1300 years ago had no microscopes

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no telescopes

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no particle colliders

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how could they possibly describe the true structure of the universe

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Don't jump to conclusions

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Let's first see what physicists discovered independently

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In 1973

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Israeli physicist Bekenstein was studying black holes

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He was working on a seemingly simple question

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how much information can a black hole hold

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Intuition tells you

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the information should scale with the black hole's volume

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like a warehouse

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the bigger the volume

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the more it can hold

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But Bekenstein's result puzzled everyone

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A black hole's information content

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is not proportional to its volume

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but to its surface area

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What does that mean

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All the information about everything inside a black hole

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is not spread through its 3D interior

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but encoded on its 2D surface

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Hawking later verified this conclusion using quantum mechanics

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giving the famous Bekenstein Hawking black hole entropy formula

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a black hole's entropy equals one quarter of its horizon area

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The entire contents of a 3D space

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fit onto a 2D surface

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This discovery was deeply counterintuitive

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In 1993

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Dutch physicist 't Hooft elevated it into a universal principle

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called the holographic principle

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He said

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maybe it is not just black holes

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maybe the whole universe works this way

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All the physical information within a region

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can be fully encoded on the boundary surface of that region

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Everything in the 3D world

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might be a projection of a 2D boundary

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In 1997

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Argentine physicist Maldacena

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gave the most precise mathematical realization of the holographic principle to date

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the duality between anti de Sitter spacetime and conformal field theory

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In one sentence

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a theory of gravity in a 5D spacetime

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is fully equivalent to a quantum field theory on its 4D boundary

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All the physics of the higher dimensional interior

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can be completely rebuilt from information on the lower dimensional boundary

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That paper has been cited more than 20000 times

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one of the most cited papers in the history of theoretical physics

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Now let me put the two threads together

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Indra's Net says

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every jewel reflects all the other jewels

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Starting from any jewel

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you can see the complete information of the whole net

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The holographic principle says

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every patch of boundary encodes all the information of the entire space

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Starting from any local piece

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you can reconstruct the whole

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The two point to the same proposition in logical structure

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The information of the whole is not stored at some center

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it is inscribed distributively in every part

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No node is more special or more central than any other

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This is not a resemblance at the level of metaphor

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this is an isomorphism of topological structure

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But the story is not over

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Quantum entanglement plays an even more astonishing role here

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You have surely heard of quantum entanglement

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Einstein in 1947

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in a private letter to the physicist Born

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used a famous phrase

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spooky action at a distance

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He could not accept this nonlocality of quantum mechanics

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and felt something must be incomplete

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He was wrong

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In 2022

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the Nobel Prize in Physics went to three experimental physicists

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Aspect Clauser and Zeilinger

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Over several decades

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with ever more precise experiments they closed every theoretical loophole

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and finally proved that quantum entanglement is real

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Einstein's intuition about local realism

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was thoroughly refuted by experiment

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So what does entanglement mean

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Once two particles become entangled

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they can no longer be described as two independent entities

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No matter how far apart they are

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measuring one of them

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instantly determines the state of the other

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They are not two correlated things

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they are one indivisible whole

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Now silently recite the second property of Indra's Net

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mutual containment

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A and B do not first exist independently and then form a relationship

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they define each other presuppose each other and are inseparable

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Isn't that a literal description of quantum entanglement

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But what really made physicists take Indra's Net style structure seriously

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was a paper in 2010

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Canadian physicist Van Raamsdonk

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ran a thought experiment within the framework of the holographic principle

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He asked a simple question

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if we gradually remove the quantum entanglement between two regions

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what happens

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The answer is

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the spacetime between the two regions contracts and narrows

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and finally disconnects completely

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The entanglement vanishes

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and spacetime breaks apart

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Feel the weight of that conclusion

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It means entanglement is not just some correlation between particles

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entanglement may be the very glue of spacetime

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Without entanglement

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there is no continuous spacetime

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Space is not a preexisting stage

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on which particles perform

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space itself

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may be woven from the entanglement relations between particles

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In 2013

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Maldacena and Susskind together proposed an even bolder conjecture

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between any pair of entangled particles

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there is a microscopic wormhole connecting them

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entanglement equals spacetime connectivity

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wormholes equal entanglement

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By 2024

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a new paper by Xin Jiang and colleagues

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for the first time from the mathematical structure of quantum entanglement

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directly derived the geometry of a wormhole

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Entanglement is no longer just an analogy for spacetime

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it is becoming the microscopic makeup of spacetime

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Do you realize what physics is now saying

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The first time I read Van Raamsdonk's paper

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I was stunned for a long while

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Because his point that removing entanglement breaks spacetime

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reminded me of a very everyday experience

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Have you ever felt this

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when you are truly close to someone

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you feel there is no distance between you

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not that physical distance disappears

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but the space between you seems to grow thin and transparent

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And when a relationship completely breaks down

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even if that person is sitting right across from you

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the distance between you feels like an entire universe

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That is just subjective feeling of course

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not physical evidence

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But here is the interesting part

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physics now tells you

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at the most fundamental level

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there really is such a correspondence between relationship and space

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entanglement vanishes

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spacetime breaks

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relationship is the substrate of distance

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It is saying

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spacetime is not fundamental

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relations are fundamental

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The entanglement relations between particles

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weave the space and time we experience

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Space is an emergent product of relations

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not a container for relations

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Thirteen hundred years ago

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Fazang was saying the same thing with Indra's Net

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The jewels do not first exist in some space

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and then reflect one another

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the relation of mutual reflection is itself how the jewels exist

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Relations are not accessories between nodes

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relations are the nodes themselves

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British physicist David Bohm

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proposed a theory called the implicate order in 1980

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He said

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the unfolded separate bounded world we see

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is a projection of a deeper enfolded indivisible order

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The underlying structure of the universe is a mutually enfolded information network

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where every part implies the whole

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The core metaphor he used was the hologram

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Bohm had a famous ink experiment

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He took two nested cylinders

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filled the gap with highly viscous glycerin

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then added a drop of ink

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Slowly rotate the inner cylinder

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and the ink drop stretches and disperses

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until it vanishes completely into the glycerin

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you cannot see it anymore

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But if you rotate the cylinder backwards

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the ink drop regathers and reforms

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It never disappeared

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it was just enfolded into the implicate order

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Bohm said

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the whole universe works this way

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According to his students

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when Bohm later read the Avatamsaka Sutra's description of Indra's Net

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he fell silent for a long time

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and then said

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this is what I have been trying to express with mathematics

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Of course

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I have to be clear

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I am not saying the Avatamsaka Sutra predicted the holographic principle

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The Avatamsaka Sutra is Buddhist ontology

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the holographic principle is a mathematical theorem of physics

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They have completely different methods of argument standards of evidence and domains of application

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But they converge in structure

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Count them

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Fazang's meditative insight in the 7th century

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Bekenstein's black hole calculation in the 20th century

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Maldacena's string theory duality

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Van Raamsdonk's entanglement experiment

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four completely independent paths of knowing

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none of them aware the other three existed

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yet all pointing to the same topological structure

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the information of the whole inscribed in every part

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relations before entities

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the part is the whole

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This convergence deserves to be taken seriously

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not because it proves Buddhism right or physics right

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but because it hints at a possibility

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that maybe about the deepest structure of existence

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different ways of knowing

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whether inner contemplation or equations

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are ultimately touching the same thing

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This is the closest correspondence I can think of

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but it surely has holes

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The holographic principle deals with the mathematical relation between information and boundaries

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Indra's Net points to interdependence at the level of ontology

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One can be written as equations

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the other must be experienced in meditation

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Different levels

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different chains of evidence

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you cannot simply equate them

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But precisely because of that

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this convergence across dimensions is all the more fascinating

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I do not want to hand you a neat conclusion today

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I want to leave you with a real question

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If Van Raamsdonk is right

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if removing entanglement really breaks spacetime apart

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then the space you are experiencing right now

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the distance between you and this screen

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that sense of connection with someone far away that no distance can measure

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what lies underneath them

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Is it a preexisting spatial container holding you and them

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or is it some relationship between you and them

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that weaves the space between you

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Indra's Net's answer is clear

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you are not an observer outside the net

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you are a node on the net

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you are reflecting everything

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and everything is reflecting you

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What do you think

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This image of Indra's Net from 1300 years ago

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is it religious imagination to you

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or something more real

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Tell me in the comments

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I am curious about your answers

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I'm Leo Wang

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see you next time