1 00:00:00,366 --> 00:00:02,166 Sakyamuni who comprehended selflessness 2 00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:04,600 What kind of community organization was established? 3 00:00:04,666 --> 00:00:07,400 A person who has completely let go of the "I" 4 00:00:07,433 --> 00:00:09,000 How can you manage the rules? 5 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:09,800 Management community 6 00:00:10,033 --> 00:00:12,466 Manage other people's sleep and food 7 00:00:12,666 --> 00:00:13,566 This question 8 00:00:13,566 --> 00:00:14,366 I thought about it for a long time. 9 00:00:15,266 --> 00:00:16,700 Something tells us that. 10 00:00:16,700 --> 00:00:19,266 Those who have realized should float with fate 11 00:00:19,300 --> 00:00:20,666 Extrajudicial ascent 12 00:00:20,666 --> 00:00:22,633 Or just sit alone under a tree 13 00:00:23,566 --> 00:00:24,966 But history tells us that 14 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:25,600 Quite the contrary. 15 00:00:26,033 --> 00:00:28,866 Last episode we talked about the power of Buddha's silence 16 00:00:29,866 --> 00:00:32,300 Fourteen questions he refused to answer 17 00:00:32,300 --> 00:00:34,933 Than all the words he said put together 18 00:00:34,966 --> 00:00:36,833 It's more clear what he's going to do 19 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:39,333 And at the end of that episode 20 00:00:39,366 --> 00:00:43,933 We are left with a suspense - a doctor who is well versed in machine talk 21 00:00:43,933 --> 00:00:46,333 Leaving a room full of prescriptions 22 00:00:46,366 --> 00:00:48,133 It's not marked who it was opened for. 23 00:00:48,133 --> 00:00:49,200 No manual 24 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:50,200 Gone forever 25 00:00:51,300 --> 00:00:52,500 Successor disciples 26 00:00:52,500 --> 00:00:53,733 What do you do? 27 00:00:53,900 --> 00:00:56,300 But before the disciples' conundrum began 28 00:00:56,333 --> 00:00:57,933 We need to figure out one thing first 29 00:00:58,900 --> 00:01:01,133 During the 45 years that the Buddha preached the Dharma 30 00:01:01,133 --> 00:01:03,666 What kind of people are there around him? 31 00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:05,933 How are these people organized? 32 00:01:06,066 --> 00:01:08,066 What do they do? 33 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:09,333 Because figuring this out 34 00:01:09,633 --> 00:01:12,500 You can understand why after he left 35 00:01:12,533 --> 00:01:14,666 Trouble can come so hard 36 00:01:14,700 --> 00:01:15,566 So fast? 37 00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:16,333 So hard to handle 38 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:17,700 Hello 39 00:01:17,700 --> 00:01:18,433 Hello. 40 00:01:18,466 --> 00:01:19,100 I am Wang Lijie 41 00:01:19,933 --> 00:01:24,733 Today we enter the fifth episode of practicing along the historical context of Buddhism 42 00:01:24,766 --> 00:01:28,366 Talk about a particularly interesting topic that is rarely talked about positively 43 00:01:29,166 --> 00:01:30,333 The Birth of the Sangha 44 00:01:31,266 --> 00:01:33,033 I'm going to ask you a question. 45 00:01:33,033 --> 00:01:34,933 You think about the answer in your mind first 46 00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:38,233 A person who has completely realized "no self" 47 00:01:38,266 --> 00:01:39,533 Will you build an organization? 48 00:01:39,566 --> 00:01:41,266 Now, your first instinct might be to say 49 00:01:41,266 --> 00:01:41,733 Really? 50 00:01:42,666 --> 00:01:44,866 A person who sees no eternal self 51 00:01:44,866 --> 00:01:46,133 Also engage in community 52 00:01:46,133 --> 00:01:47,000 Make rules 53 00:01:47,033 --> 00:01:48,133 Engage in system 54 00:01:48,133 --> 00:01:50,333 Isn't that a contradiction? 55 00:01:50,500 --> 00:01:51,633 Before I speak 56 00:01:51,633 --> 00:01:52,600 Let me tell you my answer first 57 00:01:53,600 --> 00:01:57,000 Quite the opposite - precisely because of a complete understanding of selflessness 58 00:01:57,033 --> 00:02:00,066 Buddha became an extremely pragmatic community architect 59 00:02:00,300 --> 00:02:03,000 The organizational system he built 60 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:05,033 Today, 2,500 years later 61 00:02:05,066 --> 00:02:09,366 It remains one of the longest-lived non-state communities in human history 62 00:02:10,500 --> 00:02:11,733 In a sense 63 00:02:11,766 --> 00:02:13,100 This judgment is valid 64 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,633 There's a deep logic to this. 65 00:02:16,666 --> 00:02:17,566 We open slowly 66 00:02:18,233 --> 00:02:18,866 Let's start from the beginning 67 00:02:19,766 --> 00:02:22,266 After the Buddha taught the Dharma for the first time in Kaneyuan 68 00:02:22,266 --> 00:02:23,100 He had five disciples 69 00:02:24,033 --> 00:02:26,366 It's the five who used to ascetic with him 70 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:27,766 And she left him. 71 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:30,300 I was moved by his words after he became enlightened 72 00:02:30,333 --> 00:02:31,133 Those who come back to hear the Fa 73 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:33,100 These five people 74 00:02:33,100 --> 00:02:34,700 The first order of monks 75 00:02:35,500 --> 00:02:36,700 There was no system at that time 76 00:02:37,166 --> 00:02:38,133 No commandments 77 00:02:38,166 --> 00:02:39,133 No manual 78 00:02:39,133 --> 00:02:39,966 No initiation ceremony 79 00:02:40,966 --> 00:02:44,633 They are a group of practitioners who learn from an enlightened person 80 00:02:44,666 --> 00:02:45,866 Walking in the wild 81 00:02:45,866 --> 00:02:47,166 Meditating under a tree 82 00:02:47,166 --> 00:02:48,000 Survive by begging 83 00:02:48,900 --> 00:02:50,633 Then more and more people came 84 00:02:51,166 --> 00:02:52,500 The son of a merchant 85 00:02:52,533 --> 00:02:53,933 There were Brahmins. 86 00:02:53,933 --> 00:02:55,566 There are nobles sent by the king 87 00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:56,966 There are civilians at the bottom 88 00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:58,466 There are even thieves. 89 00:02:59,266 --> 00:02:59,966 More people 90 00:02:59,966 --> 00:03:00,766 So here's the problem. 91 00:03:01,533 --> 00:03:02,800 Imagine this scene 92 00:03:03,500 --> 00:03:06,000 A group from a completely different social hierarchy 93 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:07,633 People from different cultural backgrounds 94 00:03:07,666 --> 00:03:09,433 Living together in the forest 95 00:03:09,433 --> 00:03:10,100 Common practice 96 00:03:10,966 --> 00:03:12,933 Their living habits are different 97 00:03:12,933 --> 00:03:15,533 Different judgments about what behavior is appropriate 98 00:03:15,566 --> 00:03:18,566 And I have a different idea of what meditation is. 99 00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:20,233 No rules 100 00:03:20,233 --> 00:03:20,733 It's chaos. 101 00:03:21,766 --> 00:03:23,300 Some people eat excessively 102 00:03:23,300 --> 00:03:24,500 There is a fight for a seat 103 00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:26,500 Someone says the wrong thing to the faithful at home 104 00:03:26,500 --> 00:03:29,133 Some people snore too loudly to affect others' meditation 105 00:03:29,266 --> 00:03:30,600 What did the Buddha do? 106 00:03:30,733 --> 00:03:34,366 He didn't develop a complete set of rules from the outset 107 00:03:35,166 --> 00:03:35,900 This 108 00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:36,533 Decided everything 109 00:03:37,566 --> 00:03:40,066 His approach was - something went wrong 110 00:03:40,066 --> 00:03:41,466 Solve that problem 111 00:03:41,500 --> 00:03:43,966 Then turn the solution into a rule 112 00:03:44,866 --> 00:03:46,700 Next time similar problems occur 113 00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:47,966 Just use this rule 114 00:03:48,900 --> 00:03:52,533 This process continued throughout his 45-year teaching career 115 00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:54,533 Behind every commandment 116 00:03:54,566 --> 00:03:56,200 There is a specific event 117 00:03:56,233 --> 00:03:57,233 There is a specific person 118 00:03:58,200 --> 00:03:59,366 Palilutsani 119 00:03:59,366 --> 00:04:02,633 Almost every commandment has a dependent part 120 00:04:02,666 --> 00:04:03,900 Pali is nidāna 121 00:04:03,933 --> 00:04:04,266 Nitona 122 00:04:05,100 --> 00:04:07,600 Under what circumstances is this rule? 123 00:04:07,633 --> 00:04:09,766 Because of what person's behavior 124 00:04:09,766 --> 00:04:10,700 And was formulated 125 00:04:11,333 --> 00:04:15,466 For example, there is a commandment that monks must not plant by themselves 126 00:04:15,500 --> 00:04:17,300 It means you can't farm by yourself 127 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,233 What is the origin of this commandment? 128 00:04:20,366 --> 00:04:22,300 There is a monk who likes to grow vegetables 129 00:04:22,300 --> 00:04:23,800 Saw by family 130 00:04:23,800 --> 00:04:26,266 I think he's going to destroy the bugs in the field 131 00:04:26,300 --> 00:04:26,933 Against mercy 132 00:04:27,533 --> 00:04:29,600 So the Buddha made this rule. 133 00:04:30,766 --> 00:04:35,333 For example, there is a rule that monks are not allowed to cross the river alone 134 00:04:35,366 --> 00:04:39,700 The cause was that a certain monk was seen crossing the river with his clothes wet 135 00:04:39,700 --> 00:04:42,266 Cause unnecessary misunderstandings and discussions 136 00:04:42,300 --> 00:04:44,133 Affected the local reputation of the Sangha 137 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:45,600 You see 138 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:49,400 The logic of these rules is not, "This is morally right." 139 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:50,533 It's like, "Do this. 140 00:04:50,533 --> 00:04:52,233 It is helpful for practice 141 00:04:52,233 --> 00:04:54,366 Good for the operation of the Sangha 142 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:55,600 Good for social relations " 143 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:59,266 It's a function-oriented rule system. 144 00:04:59,300 --> 00:05:00,933 It's not divine. 145 00:05:01,700 --> 00:05:02,500 This 146 00:05:02,500 --> 00:05:04,566 The organization established by the Buddha 147 00:05:04,600 --> 00:05:07,933 One of the most fundamental differences among contemporary religious organizations 148 00:05:08,333 --> 00:05:09,966 Contemporary Brahminism 149 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:11,733 Where do its rules come from? 150 00:05:11,866 --> 00:05:13,366 From the Apocalypse 151 00:05:13,366 --> 00:05:14,866 From the Vedas 152 00:05:14,900 --> 00:05:16,033 Will from Brahma 153 00:05:17,033 --> 00:05:18,766 So those rules 154 00:05:18,800 --> 00:05:20,766 Whether it actually works or not 155 00:05:20,766 --> 00:05:22,000 Can't be changed 156 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:23,833 Because changing it is against God's will 157 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:28,633 And the caste system is based on this unalterable sacred order 158 00:05:29,100 --> 00:05:30,766 Where were you born? 159 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:32,666 Forever in that position 160 00:05:32,666 --> 00:05:34,100 It's destiny. 161 00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:35,333 It's part of the cosmic order. 162 00:05:36,533 --> 00:05:38,300 Buddha's logic is completely different 163 00:05:39,233 --> 00:05:41,633 His rules come from experience 164 00:05:41,666 --> 00:05:44,233 Specific solutions to specific problems 165 00:05:44,233 --> 00:05:46,666 Respond to the practical needs of practitioners 166 00:05:47,700 --> 00:05:49,300 What does that mean? 167 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:52,033 This means that the system can be updated 168 00:05:52,033 --> 00:05:53,800 It can be adapted to local conditions. 169 00:05:53,833 --> 00:05:56,833 Can be adjusted as the situation changes 170 00:05:57,400 --> 00:05:58,166 Actually. 171 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:00,133 According to the Pali Scriptures 172 00:06:00,133 --> 00:06:03,333 The Buddha said a word to Ananda before his death 173 00:06:03,333 --> 00:06:04,800 And there was a huge controversy. 174 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:06,700 So he says. 175 00:06:06,700 --> 00:06:08,300 If the Sangha deems it necessary 176 00:06:08,333 --> 00:06:09,433 You can do away with the little ring. 177 00:06:10,466 --> 00:06:13,100 What does the "little ring" in this sentence refer to? 178 00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:15,966 Later disciples quarreled for nearly 2,500 years 179 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,400 So far, no decision has been made. 180 00:06:17,866 --> 00:06:20,266 But the attitude revealed by the sentence itself 181 00:06:20,300 --> 00:06:23,433 Is extremely clear - rules are tools 182 00:06:23,433 --> 00:06:23,933 Not the purpose 183 00:06:24,700 --> 00:06:28,433 Rules exist to enable practitioners to practice well 184 00:06:28,466 --> 00:06:30,266 Not used to lock practitioners 185 00:06:31,233 --> 00:06:32,700 The sentence in the Diamond Sutra 186 00:06:32,700 --> 00:06:35,933 Live directly here - Fashang Yingshe 187 00:06:35,966 --> 00:06:36,566 Not to mention illegal 188 00:06:37,900 --> 00:06:39,933 Rafts are used to cross rivers 189 00:06:39,966 --> 00:06:40,833 To the other side 190 00:06:40,866 --> 00:06:42,766 You still walk with it on your back? 191 00:06:42,766 --> 00:06:44,400 That's not wisdom. 192 00:06:44,433 --> 00:06:45,033 Is persistence 193 00:06:45,500 --> 00:06:46,266 OK 194 00:06:46,266 --> 00:06:48,866 Let's move on to a more controversial issue. 195 00:06:49,666 --> 00:06:51,133 The birth of the bhikshuni order 196 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:53,033 This story. 197 00:06:53,033 --> 00:06:56,500 It is one of the most powerful stories in Buddhist history 198 00:06:56,533 --> 00:06:58,700 It revealed something very real. 199 00:06:59,500 --> 00:07:01,700 Including the hesitation of the Buddha himself 200 00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:04,700 The distance between institutions and consciousness 201 00:07:04,700 --> 00:07:07,800 Including a reformer in his day 202 00:07:07,833 --> 00:07:09,733 The social reality we have to face 203 00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:12,400 Here's how it started. 204 00:07:13,333 --> 00:07:16,566 Buddha's aunt Mahabojabati 205 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:21,400 The woman who raised Siddhartha after his mother died 206 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:22,833 After the Buddha became enlightened 207 00:07:22,866 --> 00:07:24,900 I really hope to be able to practice as a monk 208 00:07:26,033 --> 00:07:28,000 According to the records of the Palileo Collection 209 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:30,733 She brought 500 Sakya women 210 00:07:30,766 --> 00:07:32,966 Three times I asked the Buddha to allow them to become monks 211 00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:34,933 Buddha refused three times 212 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:36,600 Ananda can't watch it anymore 213 00:07:37,533 --> 00:07:40,233 Ananda was the Buddha's closest attendant 214 00:07:40,233 --> 00:07:42,566 It is a person who is full of compassion for all sentient beings 215 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:43,433 A gentle person 216 00:07:44,366 --> 00:07:45,666 He went to Buddha. 217 00:07:45,666 --> 00:07:49,700 Asked a direct question - if a woman becomes a monk 218 00:07:49,700 --> 00:07:51,333 Practice four thoughts 219 00:07:51,366 --> 00:07:53,466 Can you prove the arhat fruit? 220 00:07:53,633 --> 00:07:54,800 Buddha said 221 00:07:55,866 --> 00:07:56,966 Ananda said 222 00:07:57,133 --> 00:07:58,133 Since you can 223 00:07:58,166 --> 00:07:59,666 Why not let them become monks? 224 00:07:59,766 --> 00:08:00,833 You see 225 00:08:00,866 --> 00:08:04,066 Ananda used the Buddha's own logic to challenge the Buddha 226 00:08:04,966 --> 00:08:07,733 If the goal of practice is to prove an arhat 227 00:08:07,733 --> 00:08:12,266 If women can also achieve this goal with the right practice 228 00:08:12,300 --> 00:08:15,133 So what is the reason for refusing them to become monks? 229 00:08:15,300 --> 00:08:16,700 Facing this question 230 00:08:16,700 --> 00:08:17,900 Buddha finally agreed 231 00:08:18,933 --> 00:08:22,166 He allowed the Mahabha Jabha to become a monk. 232 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:23,700 The bhikshuni order was established 233 00:08:24,500 --> 00:08:25,566 But at the same time 234 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:28,333 He formulated the famous eight-respect method 235 00:08:28,333 --> 00:08:31,766 That is, the eight nuns must abide by 236 00:08:31,766 --> 00:08:34,600 Lower status regulations relative to bhikkhus 237 00:08:35,466 --> 00:08:36,233 For example 238 00:08:36,233 --> 00:08:39,166 Even a bhikshuni who has been a monk for a hundred years 239 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:41,766 When I met a monk who had just left home for a day 240 00:08:41,766 --> 00:08:43,033 You must also pray to him 241 00:08:43,500 --> 00:08:44,666 This eight-respect method 242 00:08:44,666 --> 00:08:47,400 In modern times, it has aroused great discussion and controversy 243 00:08:48,133 --> 00:08:50,433 Many people consider this to be discrimination 244 00:08:50,466 --> 00:08:54,100 Is a person who claims that all beings are equal in the system 245 00:08:54,100 --> 00:08:55,533 The unequal treatment of women 246 00:08:56,433 --> 00:08:57,633 Some scholars also believe that 247 00:08:57,633 --> 00:09:00,533 And these eight commandments were added later. 248 00:09:00,566 --> 00:09:02,266 Not necessarily from the Buddha himself 249 00:09:03,166 --> 00:09:04,233 About this. 250 00:09:04,266 --> 00:09:06,300 The academic community is still inconclusive 251 00:09:06,333 --> 00:09:08,266 There are also differences in the claims of the South and North 252 00:09:09,100 --> 00:09:09,933 This question 253 00:09:09,966 --> 00:09:11,266 I put it there. 254 00:09:11,266 --> 00:09:12,400 Leave it to yourself to feel 255 00:09:13,566 --> 00:09:15,100 But one thing is certain 256 00:09:15,900 --> 00:09:18,566 Regardless of the historical authenticity of Hakkeifa 257 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:22,333 The fact that Buddha finally allowed women to become monks 258 00:09:22,366 --> 00:09:24,066 In his day 259 00:09:24,066 --> 00:09:25,466 Is a radical move 260 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:27,933 In India in the fifth century BC 261 00:09:27,966 --> 00:09:30,066 The social status of women is extremely low 262 00:09:30,100 --> 00:09:31,500 female monastic practice 263 00:09:31,500 --> 00:09:34,433 It shattered the entire social definition of women's roles at the time 264 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:36,633 Even with these eight constraints 265 00:09:36,633 --> 00:09:38,200 The birth of the bhikshuni order 266 00:09:38,233 --> 00:09:40,900 It was still a true social revolution of that era 267 00:09:41,766 --> 00:09:43,400 In Barry's classic little department 268 00:09:43,433 --> 00:09:45,566 There is a book called "Elder Nekah" 269 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:48,300 Recorded the words of spiritual enlightenment of more than seventy nuns 270 00:09:49,166 --> 00:09:50,233 These words 271 00:09:50,266 --> 00:09:54,233 It is one of the earliest female religious literature in human history 272 00:09:54,233 --> 00:09:56,366 It contains the joy of their enlightenment 273 00:09:56,400 --> 00:09:58,600 There is their farewell to the old life 274 00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:00,033 Have their expression of freedom 275 00:10:01,066 --> 00:10:02,266 There is a verse 276 00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:04,300 It was written by a bhikkhuni named Sumo 277 00:10:05,100 --> 00:10:06,400 It is said that once 278 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:09,466 The incarnation of Demon King Pozen appeared in front of her 279 00:10:09,500 --> 00:10:13,900 Say to her - a woman's wisdom is only two fingers wide 280 00:10:13,900 --> 00:10:18,100 How can you possibly achieve that state that only the sages can achieve? 281 00:10:18,200 --> 00:10:19,533 How did Sumo answer? 282 00:10:19,666 --> 00:10:20,700 She says 283 00:10:20,733 --> 00:10:22,566 Beware has been decided 284 00:10:22,566 --> 00:10:24,633 When wisdom shines brightly 285 00:10:24,633 --> 00:10:28,100 When you see the Dharma as it is - the female body 286 00:10:28,133 --> 00:10:30,633 What does it have to do with this? 287 00:10:30,733 --> 00:10:32,866 In the forests of India 2,500 years ago 288 00:10:32,900 --> 00:10:34,466 A female practitioner 289 00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:35,833 Use a verse 290 00:10:35,866 --> 00:10:37,566 Hit that question back 291 00:10:37,966 --> 00:10:38,766 OK 292 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:40,500 Let's go back to the overall structure of the Sangha 293 00:10:41,633 --> 00:10:43,166 Buddha established this system 294 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:44,533 What is it like? 295 00:10:44,633 --> 00:10:45,666 It has several characteristics 296 00:10:46,333 --> 00:10:48,166 I think take it out and talk about it alone. 297 00:10:48,166 --> 00:10:50,300 It will make modern people feel very different 298 00:10:51,366 --> 00:10:52,600 The first characteristic 299 00:10:52,600 --> 00:10:53,200 Democratic decision-making 300 00:10:54,233 --> 00:10:55,866 Daily affairs of the Buddhist Sangha 301 00:10:55,900 --> 00:10:57,600 Including the interpretation of the commandments 302 00:10:57,600 --> 00:10:58,633 Handling of disputes 303 00:10:58,633 --> 00:11:00,233 Implementation of important decisions 304 00:11:00,266 --> 00:11:03,000 Requires the unanimous consent of all monks 305 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:05,500 Or at least through an open voting process 306 00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:07,500 This mechanism 307 00:11:07,533 --> 00:11:10,866 There are very detailed regulations in the Palileum Collection 308 00:11:10,866 --> 00:11:11,600 It's called karma. 309 00:11:11,633 --> 00:11:12,566 The pronunciation is jiémó. 310 00:11:12,566 --> 00:11:14,500 It means "to act" or "to act." 311 00:11:15,400 --> 00:11:16,700 The process of karma is like this 312 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:18,666 Put forward a motion 313 00:11:18,700 --> 00:11:20,466 Read it out loud three times 314 00:11:20,466 --> 00:11:22,200 Ask if anyone objects 315 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:23,400 If no one objects 316 00:11:23,433 --> 00:11:24,000 Bill passed 317 00:11:24,566 --> 00:11:25,700 If anyone objects 318 00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:26,966 It must be fully discussed 319 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:28,366 Until an agreement is reached 320 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:30,533 Or resolve differences in some way 321 00:11:31,566 --> 00:11:33,900 Does this program seem familiar? 322 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,966 This is similar to the procedural structure of many modern democratic parliaments 323 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:40,133 And the time when the Buddha established this program 324 00:11:40,133 --> 00:11:41,233 It was the fifth century BC. 325 00:11:41,933 --> 00:11:45,866 It was around the same time as the democratic reforms in ancient Greece 326 00:11:45,866 --> 00:11:47,600 China is still in the late Spring and Autumn period 327 00:11:48,633 --> 00:11:49,766 The second characteristic 328 00:11:49,766 --> 00:11:50,433 Not relying on authority 329 00:11:51,300 --> 00:11:52,866 When the Buddha was alive 330 00:11:52,866 --> 00:11:55,333 The final authority of the Sangha community is, of course, himself 331 00:11:56,333 --> 00:11:58,366 But he never named a successor 332 00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:00,200 On his deathbed 333 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:02,700 What he's talking about is - take yourself as the continent 334 00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:03,433 France as a continent 335 00:12:04,233 --> 00:12:05,166 Meaning 336 00:12:05,200 --> 00:12:06,366 Make yourself an island 337 00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:07,166 Take Law as an Island 338 00:12:07,866 --> 00:12:10,300 Don't rely on an external authority 339 00:12:10,333 --> 00:12:11,933 Return to your own practice 340 00:12:11,933 --> 00:12:13,066 Relying on the Dharma itself 341 00:12:13,966 --> 00:12:15,800 This sentence had far-reaching consequences 342 00:12:16,566 --> 00:12:17,600 It means 343 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:20,100 The Buddha himself was involved in the design of institutions 344 00:12:20,133 --> 00:12:23,433 Rejects the organizational form of establishing a center of personal authority 345 00:12:24,266 --> 00:12:25,366 No Pope 346 00:12:25,366 --> 00:12:26,466 No emperor 347 00:12:26,466 --> 00:12:27,500 There is no ultimate leader 348 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:30,633 There is a set of rules 349 00:12:30,633 --> 00:12:33,966 And a process for collective decision-making through this set of rules 350 00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:37,300 This is very rare in the history of religion 351 00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:40,466 Many contemporary and later religions 352 00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:43,233 Requires a central authority to maintain doctrinal unity 353 00:12:44,066 --> 00:12:45,533 The Buddha chose 354 00:12:45,566 --> 00:12:48,000 It's about decentralizing authority into rules and procedures. 355 00:12:48,866 --> 00:12:50,133 The third characteristic 356 00:12:50,133 --> 00:12:51,233 Complete economic equality 357 00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:53,533 All monks 358 00:12:53,566 --> 00:12:56,266 Whether you were a nobleman or a slave before you became a monk 359 00:12:56,266 --> 00:12:58,700 Is it a Brahmin or a Sudra? 360 00:12:58,733 --> 00:13:00,266 After joining the Sangha 361 00:13:00,266 --> 00:13:02,100 They are completely equal economically. 362 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:04,433 You beg for food together 363 00:13:04,466 --> 00:13:05,600 You share equally 364 00:13:06,466 --> 00:13:10,966 The items that bhikkhus are allowed to hold are extremely limited - three clothes and one bowl 365 00:13:10,966 --> 00:13:12,900 That is, three kasaya. 366 00:13:12,900 --> 00:13:14,633 A begging bowl 367 00:13:14,666 --> 00:13:16,266 In addition to having nothing 368 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:18,533 And it makes sense. 369 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,566 In a society with a deeply entrenched caste system 370 00:13:22,566 --> 00:13:25,500 The Buddha created a space - here 371 00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:27,833 Where you come from doesn't determine your status 372 00:13:27,866 --> 00:13:29,733 Your cultivation determines your status 373 00:13:30,566 --> 00:13:32,366 It's not just a spiritual institution 374 00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:33,633 It was also a social experiment 375 00:13:34,566 --> 00:13:35,766 There is a famous example 376 00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:38,700 One of the Buddha's closest disciples 377 00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:39,633 Youboli 378 00:13:39,666 --> 00:13:42,466 Before becoming a monk, he was a barber of the Sakya tribe 379 00:13:42,466 --> 00:13:43,966 Serve the royal family 380 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:46,600 But according to the caste system 381 00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:48,600 He was born a sudra. 382 00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:49,966 Subjected to all nobles 383 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:53,033 He was in the process of becoming a monk 384 00:13:53,066 --> 00:13:57,800 Shaved earlier than many aristocratic-born Sakya princes 385 00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:00,200 In the order of abstinence - that is, the year of ordination 386 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:02,666 The princes met him 387 00:14:02,666 --> 00:14:03,700 Must worship him 388 00:14:04,633 --> 00:14:07,233 Some princes are uncomfortable at first 389 00:14:07,233 --> 00:14:08,000 Later accepted 390 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:10,966 The most powerful thing about Brahminism is that 391 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,433 It allows people to accept their place from within 392 00:14:14,133 --> 00:14:15,533 You don't need prison 393 00:14:15,566 --> 00:14:18,266 Because the whole cosmology itself is a prison 394 00:14:19,466 --> 00:14:23,266 Brahminism rationalizes the caste system with a cosmic order 395 00:14:23,266 --> 00:14:27,066 Let everyone think from birth that their place is determined by heaven 396 00:14:28,133 --> 00:14:29,500 And the Buddha's Sangha 397 00:14:29,533 --> 00:14:31,433 In a limited space 398 00:14:31,466 --> 00:14:34,233 Did something that the Brahmins thought was impossible 399 00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:38,100 Replace lineage with abstinence 400 00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:39,766 Replace birth with practice 401 00:14:40,766 --> 00:14:42,933 Now we come to the heart of the problem 402 00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:45,966 Is the system working well? 403 00:14:46,133 --> 00:14:47,833 When the Buddha was alive 404 00:14:47,866 --> 00:14:49,366 He was there to mediate. 405 00:14:49,366 --> 00:14:51,600 Backed by his personal prestige 406 00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:52,466 It's working really well. 407 00:14:53,366 --> 00:14:55,533 But it has an inherent vulnerability. 408 00:14:55,533 --> 00:14:58,666 We mentioned that earlier -- it relies too much on machine talk. 409 00:14:59,466 --> 00:15:01,333 The Buddha gave too much flexibility 410 00:15:02,233 --> 00:15:03,533 He is in different places 411 00:15:03,566 --> 00:15:04,900 Facing different people 412 00:15:04,900 --> 00:15:08,400 Made regulations that sometimes differ slightly from each other 413 00:15:09,366 --> 00:15:10,900 In more remote areas 414 00:15:10,900 --> 00:15:15,233 He may allow something that is not allowed in the core community 415 00:15:15,233 --> 00:15:17,333 Due to the different local cultural backgrounds 416 00:15:17,366 --> 00:15:18,900 The local practice conditions are different 417 00:15:20,233 --> 00:15:22,000 He knew what he was doing. 418 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,133 He knew the core principles. 419 00:15:24,133 --> 00:15:26,066 What are the convenient adjustments for local conditions? 420 00:15:26,966 --> 00:15:27,733 But 421 00:15:27,733 --> 00:15:29,333 When he's gone 422 00:15:29,366 --> 00:15:30,766 These subtle differences 423 00:15:30,766 --> 00:15:31,766 It starts to matter. 424 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,000 Monks in different places 425 00:15:34,033 --> 00:15:35,400 Remember the different versions of the regulations 426 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:37,166 Some people say 427 00:15:37,166 --> 00:15:38,600 The Buddha said this in Kanoya 428 00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:40,133 Some people say 429 00:15:40,133 --> 00:15:41,700 He was talking about that in Wangshe City 430 00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:43,200 Some people say 431 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,233 He said on his deathbed that the little ring could be abolished 432 00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:47,800 Some people say 433 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:50,766 Ananda didn't even ask what he was talking about. 434 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:52,566 These differences 435 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:54,133 When the Buddha was alive 436 00:15:54,133 --> 00:15:55,433 Irrelevant 437 00:15:55,466 --> 00:15:56,666 Because he is here 438 00:15:56,666 --> 00:15:57,333 Feel free to ask 439 00:15:58,300 --> 00:16:00,100 But after he left 440 00:16:00,100 --> 00:16:01,133 These differences 441 00:16:01,133 --> 00:16:02,300 It becomes the seed of the crack. 442 00:16:02,866 --> 00:16:03,533 and 443 00:16:03,566 --> 00:16:05,200 There's another, more fundamental tension. 444 00:16:05,966 --> 00:16:07,466 The entire system of the Buddha 445 00:16:07,466 --> 00:16:12,033 It is based on the premise that the ultimate reliance of practitioners is the Dharma 446 00:16:12,033 --> 00:16:13,300 It is a truthful understanding of the law 447 00:16:13,733 --> 00:16:15,766 It's direct experience through practice. 448 00:16:16,633 --> 00:16:17,833 But here's the thing. 449 00:16:17,833 --> 00:16:18,833 The law doesn't speak for itself 450 00:16:19,633 --> 00:16:21,533 The law must be passed on through people 451 00:16:21,533 --> 00:16:23,166 Explained through people 452 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:24,300 It's people doing it. 453 00:16:24,966 --> 00:16:25,766 And people 454 00:16:25,766 --> 00:16:26,500 There is a difference. 455 00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:28,200 Same thing. 456 00:16:28,233 --> 00:16:29,300 Different People 457 00:16:29,300 --> 00:16:30,700 Understand things differently 458 00:16:31,533 --> 00:16:33,266 A person who has seen the Buddha 459 00:16:33,266 --> 00:16:34,900 And someone who has never met him 460 00:16:34,933 --> 00:16:37,066 Just someone who listens to others 461 00:16:37,066 --> 00:16:38,233 Understanding of the law 462 00:16:38,233 --> 00:16:40,133 Will it be the same depth? 463 00:16:40,233 --> 00:16:41,000 second generation 464 00:16:41,033 --> 00:16:42,000 third generation 465 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:43,233 After the tenth generation 466 00:16:43,233 --> 00:16:44,666 What will it be like 467 00:16:44,766 --> 00:16:48,500 This is a paradox that all great ideas must confront 468 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:50,866 The deepest thing 469 00:16:50,866 --> 00:16:52,600 Often the hardest to be delivered faithfully 470 00:16:53,566 --> 00:16:55,700 And the way the Buddha chose to pass it on 471 00:16:55,733 --> 00:16:56,266 Is oral 472 00:16:57,133 --> 00:16:58,133 No text 473 00:16:58,133 --> 00:16:59,333 There are no scriptures. 474 00:16:59,366 --> 00:17:00,866 Only memorization and memorization 475 00:17:01,733 --> 00:17:02,966 One person remembers 476 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:04,500 Pass it on to another person. 477 00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:06,433 Another person passes it on to the next person 478 00:17:07,333 --> 00:17:08,533 In India at that time 479 00:17:08,533 --> 00:17:09,666 It's not a strange choice 480 00:17:10,566 --> 00:17:13,366 The core texts of Brahmanism, the Vedas. 481 00:17:13,733 --> 00:17:15,266 Before being written down 482 00:17:15,266 --> 00:17:18,300 It's been sustained by word of mouth for almost a thousand years 483 00:17:19,533 --> 00:17:21,433 Indian memory training 484 00:17:21,466 --> 00:17:23,966 It is a rare height in the history of world culture 485 00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:25,466 But 486 00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:29,466 Oral transmission has one characteristic - it requires a controlled 487 00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:30,933 A disciplined community to maintain 488 00:17:31,766 --> 00:17:33,166 One can get it wrong. 489 00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:34,766 Two people against each other 490 00:17:34,766 --> 00:17:35,766 If it is different 491 00:17:35,766 --> 00:17:36,366 Can be discussed 492 00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:38,200 A huge crowd. 493 00:17:38,233 --> 00:17:40,500 Form a disciplined recitation group 494 00:17:40,533 --> 00:17:43,066 Recite collectively on specific occasions 495 00:17:43,066 --> 00:17:44,500 proofread each other 496 00:17:44,533 --> 00:17:45,766 Someone got it wrong. 497 00:17:45,766 --> 00:17:46,733 The collective can correct 498 00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:50,266 This is another key function of the Sangha. 499 00:17:51,266 --> 00:17:53,700 The Sangha is more than just a place of worship 500 00:17:53,733 --> 00:17:56,166 It's also a memory storage system. 501 00:17:57,033 --> 00:17:59,866 So you have the whole picture here. 502 00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:02,400 The Sangha established by the Buddha 503 00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:05,233 At the same time, it undertakes the monastery and democratic deliberation 504 00:18:05,666 --> 00:18:09,666 The four functions of social revolution and distributed memory storage 505 00:18:09,666 --> 00:18:11,966 They're all bound up in the same set of rules. 506 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,000 interdependent 507 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:13,800 Support each other 508 00:18:14,533 --> 00:18:15,500 This system 509 00:18:15,533 --> 00:18:17,333 When the Buddha was alive 510 00:18:17,333 --> 00:18:18,066 Sophisticated and effective 511 00:18:18,933 --> 00:18:21,433 But it also has a fate that no system can escape 512 00:18:22,533 --> 00:18:24,866 After the designer leaves 513 00:18:24,900 --> 00:18:26,966 How will the system work? 514 00:18:27,133 --> 00:18:28,866 Shortly after the Buddha's death 515 00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:31,833 The disciples held their first meeting 516 00:18:31,833 --> 00:18:33,766 What the Buddha said 517 00:18:33,766 --> 00:18:34,833 group recitation 518 00:18:34,866 --> 00:18:35,733 check 519 00:18:35,733 --> 00:18:36,700 confirm 520 00:18:36,733 --> 00:18:38,633 The text that formed the original scriptures and laws 521 00:18:40,433 --> 00:18:42,466 The story of this gathering itself 522 00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:44,133 Full of tension 523 00:18:44,133 --> 00:18:46,000 Full of human complexity 524 00:18:46,033 --> 00:18:50,033 It's full of "How to Establish Your Authority in the Shadow of a Giant." 525 00:18:50,566 --> 00:18:51,533 This eternal puzzle 526 00:18:52,333 --> 00:18:55,500 And about a hundred years after the first assembly 527 00:18:55,533 --> 00:19:00,033 A second assembly took place that fundamentally divided Buddhism as a whole 528 00:19:00,766 --> 00:19:02,100 The starting point of division 529 00:19:02,133 --> 00:19:05,333 It is said to be a subtle disagreement on the Ten Commandments 530 00:19:05,333 --> 00:19:06,833 But the real smell of gunpowder 531 00:19:06,866 --> 00:19:08,600 Far deeper than meets the eye 532 00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:11,033 That's another story. 533 00:19:11,766 --> 00:19:13,766 But before you wait for the next episode 534 00:19:13,766 --> 00:19:15,200 There is a question you can take first. 535 00:19:16,033 --> 00:19:18,333 Any system designed for the living. 536 00:19:18,366 --> 00:19:21,133 When the living person who knows it best leaves 537 00:19:21,133 --> 00:19:22,166 Those who stay 538 00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:23,866 Will be loyal to the spirit of the system 539 00:19:23,866 --> 00:19:25,866 Still loyal to the words of the system 540 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:27,033 This choice 541 00:19:27,066 --> 00:19:28,400 2,500 years 542 00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:29,200 It never stops. 543 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:31,633 I would like to ask the audience 544 00:19:31,633 --> 00:19:34,133 How do you feel about today's issue? 545 00:19:34,333 --> 00:19:38,666 This system built by the Buddha - using specific questions to drive rule making 546 00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:39,900 decentralized authority 547 00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:40,933 Equal Economy 548 00:19:40,966 --> 00:19:43,633 Democratic deliberation - look at it today 549 00:19:43,633 --> 00:19:46,900 Do you think it brings you some new associations? 550 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:47,900 Like what? 551 00:19:47,933 --> 00:19:51,566 The best-run communities or organizations you've ever seen 552 00:19:51,566 --> 00:19:52,833 The logic behind them 553 00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:55,633 Is there any similarity to this system? 554 00:19:55,766 --> 00:19:58,533 Please let me know what you think in the comment section. 555 00:19:58,566 --> 00:19:59,800 Also welcome to tell me 556 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:01,266 What do you most want to hear in the next issue? 557 00:20:02,066 --> 00:20:03,100 I am Wang Lijie 558 00:20:03,133 --> 00:20:03,866 See you next time.