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龙树说

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所有答案都是陷阱

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不是他给了更好的答案

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是他证明了

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只要你还在找答案

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你就已经掉进去了

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上期我们拆了八不中道

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龙树用八个不字拆掉了因果、时间、运动的外壳

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但今天要讲的东西

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比八不中道还要狠十倍

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它叫四句否定

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这是两千年前人类写下的最极端的逻辑操作

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极端到今天的数理逻辑学家还在为它吵架

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哈喽

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大家好

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我是王利杰

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我先问你一个问题

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你爱不爱你的父母

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你说当然爱

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好

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这是第一句

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有

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龙树说

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你确定吗

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你对他们有没有过怨恨

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有没有过想逃离的时刻

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那我换个说法

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你不爱他们

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你说那也不对

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我当然爱他们

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只是有时候很复杂

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好

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这是第二句

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无

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龙树说

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也不对

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你想了想说

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行吧

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我又爱又不爱

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爱恨交织

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这是第三句

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亦有亦无

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龙树说

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还不对

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你急了

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那我没法回答这个问题了

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它超出了爱和不爱的范畴

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这是第四句

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非有非无

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龙树说

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你仍然在回答

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只是换了个更精致的壳

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四个选项

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全部否定

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你可能觉得这只是抬杠

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但你回忆一下刚才的感受

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当我问你爱不爱父母这个问题的时候

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你心里是不是瞬间闪过一种复杂的东西

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那种东西根本不是语言能装下的

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你真实的感受比任何表述都丰富

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比任何判断都微妙

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而龙树要做的

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就是让你回到那个语言之前的地方

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这就是佛学史上最著名的逻辑武器

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四句否定

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梵文叫catuskoti

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直译就是四个角落

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它在中论里反复出现

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但最集中最致命的一段在第二十五品

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观涅槃品

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龙树在那里说了一句几乎挑衅所有哲学家的话

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如来灭度之后

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你不能说他存在

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不能说他不存在

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不能说他又存在又不存在

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也不能说他既不存在也不不存在

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四条路

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全堵死

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你是不是觉得他在耍赖

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所有选项都否定

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那你到底想说什么

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别急

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这恰恰是四句否定最精妙的地方

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龙树不是要给你一个答案

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他是要让你看见

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你为什么非要一个答案

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我们来一句一句拆

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先说第一句

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为什么

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有

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是错的

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一棵树站在你面前

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你说它存在

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那我问你

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它是独立存在的吗

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它离得开土壤吗

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离得开水分吗

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离得开阳光吗

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离得开种子里的基因编码吗

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离得开你观察它的那双眼睛和那颗大脑吗

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上一期我们讲过

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八不中道的核心就是缘起

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一切现象都是因缘和合的结果

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没有任何东西是自己让自己存在的

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你说树存在

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其实你说的是

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一堆条件在此时此刻碰巧凑到了一起

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呈现出一个你叫做树的模式

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你拿掉任何一个条件

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这个模式就变了甚至消失了

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所以

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有

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这个字暗含了一个隐藏前提

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就是事物有独立的、固定的、不依赖任何条件的自性

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而龙树整部中论都在证明一件事

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自性不成立

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缘起即无自性

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无自性即空

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既然没有自性

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你凭什么说它存在

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你说的那个存在

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只是一堆条件临时搭建的脚手架

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你把它当成了一栋真正的建筑

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这一点，AI

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时代的你应该特别容易理解

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你在屏幕上看到一张图片

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它存在吗

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它是一堆像素、一段代码

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一组电信号临时组合出来的

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你关掉屏幕

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图片就没了

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你说它存在

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其实你说的是

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一组条件碰巧呈现了你能辨认的模式

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龙树两千年前拆的

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是同一件事

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你以为坚固的世界

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其实是一帧一帧实时渲染出来的

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每一帧都依赖无数个条件同时在线

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任何一个条件断了

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画面就变了

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你管这帧画面叫存在

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但它从来不是一个固定的东西

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它是一个正在发生的事件

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好

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那么，"无"呢？

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你说树不存在

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这就更荒唐了

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你面前明明有个东西在光合作用

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在长叶子

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在结果子

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你否定它的现象呈现

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那你是在否定什么

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你否定的只是你自己的感知经验

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这不是智慧

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这是掩耳盗铃

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无的问题更深一层

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它是有的镜像

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你说无

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你其实已经预设了一个有作为参照物

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你是先想象了一个存在的东西

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然后否定它

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你否定得越用力

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说明你心里那个有的影子越清晰

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就像你越努力不去想白色大象

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脑子里的白色大象就越大

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这就是为什么虚无主义不是龙树的终点

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很多人误读中观

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以为龙树在说一切都不存在

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什么都是空的

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所以什么都不用做了

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这是天大的误解

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龙树否定有

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同样否定无

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空不是没有

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空是没有你以为的那种有

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如果你把空当成了一种虚无

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那你只是从一个坑跳进了另一个坑

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龙树自己在中论里明确警告过

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大意是说

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空性是用来放下一切执着的

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如果你反过来执着于空性本身

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那就无药可救了

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然后是第三句

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亦有亦无

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这是人类理性的经典安慰剂

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你说

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好吧

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那它在某种程度上存在

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在某种程度上不存在

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这总行了吧

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听起来很辩证

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很两面看问题

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很多哲学体系到这一步就停下来了

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黑格尔的辩证法就停在这里

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正题、反题、合题

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现代物理学也经常停在这里

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光既是粒子又是波

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你甚至可以说

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我们日常生活的大部分判断也停在这里

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你问一个人婚姻幸不幸福

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他大概率会说

203
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有好有坏吧

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你问一个创业者公司做得怎么样

205
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他也会说

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有成绩也有困难

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这种回答听起来最理性最中庸

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其实它只是把两个对立面叠放在一起

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假装自己站在中间

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但龙树不买账

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为什么

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因为亦有亦无这个说法

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表面上很圆融

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00:07:04,300 --> 00:07:06,633
其实它偷偷做了一件事情

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它把有和无都当成了真实的、可以被叠加的属性

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你说一个东西又存在又不存在

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那你心里一定认为存在是一种真实的状态

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不存在也是一种真实的状态

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所以它可以同时具备两种状态

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你以为你超越了二元对立

221
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其实你只是把二元对立打了个包

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但龙树在第一句和第二句里已经证明了

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有和无本身就不成立

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两个不成立的东西加在一起

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还是不成立

226
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你不能把两张空白支票叠在一起就说自己有钱了

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最后是第四句

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非有非无

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这是最容易让人上当的一句

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也是最让修行人栽跟头的一句

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你说

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那我什么都不说了

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我既不说它存在

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也不说它不存在

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我悬置判断

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保持沉默

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这总可以了吧

238
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听起来特别有禅意

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对吧

240
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龙树说

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不行

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因为非有非无仍然是一个立场

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你说我不选择

244
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这本身就是一个选择

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你说我不下定义

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这本身就是一个定义

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你说我超越了有和无

248
00:08:17,366 --> 00:08:19,966
这个超越本身就是又一个概念

249
00:08:20,266 --> 00:08:22,066
它依然在概念的游戏场里

250
00:08:23,066 --> 00:08:24,566
你用沉默来回应

251
00:08:24,966 --> 00:08:27,333
沉默就变成了你的第五种答案

252
00:08:27,733 --> 00:08:30,800
这就是四句否定真正令人震撼的地方

253
00:08:31,366 --> 00:08:33,466
它不是否定四个答案

254
00:08:33,466 --> 00:08:35,800
它是否定答案这件事本身

255
00:08:36,333 --> 00:08:38,866
它要拆掉的不是你的某一个观点

256
00:08:39,233 --> 00:08:41,500
而是你持有观点的那个机制

257
00:08:42,233 --> 00:08:44,466
我打一个你可能一下就懂的比方

258
00:08:45,266 --> 00:08:46,933
你有没有失眠的经历

259
00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:49,533
你躺在床上翻来覆去

260
00:08:50,100 --> 00:08:51,200
先告诉自己

261
00:08:51,233 --> 00:08:52,233
我要睡着

262
00:08:52,433 --> 00:08:53,033
没用

263
00:08:53,466 --> 00:08:54,833
然后告诉自己

264
00:08:55,066 --> 00:08:56,633
我不要想着要睡着

265
00:08:57,500 --> 00:08:58,266
更没用

266
00:08:58,900 --> 00:09:00,100
然后你想

267
00:09:00,100 --> 00:09:02,933
我既要放松又不要太刻意放松

268
00:09:03,366 --> 00:09:04,300
脑子更乱了

269
00:09:04,866 --> 00:09:05,800
最后你想

270
00:09:06,166 --> 00:09:07,866
算了我什么都不想了

271
00:09:08,566 --> 00:09:10,400
结果这个什么都不想了

272
00:09:10,566 --> 00:09:12,266
本身就是一个巨大的念头

273
00:09:12,500 --> 00:09:13,866
在你脑袋里嗡嗡响

274
00:09:14,400 --> 00:09:15,500
四句全卡死

275
00:09:15,766 --> 00:09:17,433
那什么时候你真的睡着了

276
00:09:17,900 --> 00:09:19,133
是你突然发现

277
00:09:19,166 --> 00:09:21,100
你已经不在这四个选项里面了

278
00:09:21,733 --> 00:09:23,266
不是你选择了退出

279
00:09:23,566 --> 00:09:25,900
而是你不知不觉就退出了

280
00:09:26,500 --> 00:09:28,233
你一旦知道自己退出了

281
00:09:28,266 --> 00:09:29,400
你就又进去了

282
00:09:30,066 --> 00:09:32,533
龙树的四句否定指向的就是这个

283
00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:35,233
实相不是四个选项中的任何一个

284
00:09:35,500 --> 00:09:38,733
也不是第五个超越以上四个的选项

285
00:09:39,466 --> 00:09:42,066
实相是你不再需要选项的时候

286
00:09:42,100 --> 00:09:43,600
自然呈现的东西

287
00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:44,966
你可能会问

288
00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,366
那这和现代逻辑学有没有关系

289
00:09:47,500 --> 00:09:48,500
关系太大了

290
00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:51,166
在经典的亚里士多德逻辑里

291
00:09:51,166 --> 00:09:52,800
一个命题要么为真

292
00:09:52,833 --> 00:09:53,966
要么为假

293
00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:55,633
不存在第三种可能

294
00:09:55,866 --> 00:09:56,966
这叫排中律

295
00:09:57,500 --> 00:09:58,733
两千多年来

296
00:09:58,766 --> 00:10:01,233
整个西方逻辑学都建立在这个基础上

297
00:10:02,100 --> 00:10:05,433
龙树的四句否定直接挑战了这条规则

298
00:10:05,766 --> 00:10:09,233
一个东西可以既不是真的也不是假的

299
00:10:09,500 --> 00:10:11,266
逻辑的地基被撬开了

300
00:10:11,966 --> 00:10:14,333
二十世纪有一个澳大利亚逻辑学家

301
00:10:14,500 --> 00:10:16,066
叫格雷厄姆·普利斯特

302
00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:19,600
他提出了一种叫次协调逻辑的东西

303
00:10:20,333 --> 00:10:21,700
在经典逻辑里

304
00:10:21,700 --> 00:10:23,900
如果一个系统出现了矛盾

305
00:10:23,933 --> 00:10:25,666
整个系统就会崩溃

306
00:10:25,666 --> 00:10:27,433
什么都能被推导出来

307
00:10:27,433 --> 00:10:28,900
这叫爆炸原理

308
00:10:29,133 --> 00:10:30,966
但在次协调逻辑里

309
00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:32,600
矛盾不会导致爆炸

310
00:10:32,933 --> 00:10:35,500
一个命题可以同时为真和为假

311
00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:37,400
而系统照样能运转

312
00:10:37,866 --> 00:10:40,333
普利斯特专门写了一篇著名论文

313
00:10:40,666 --> 00:10:42,733
标题就叫四句的逻辑

314
00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:46,800
直接用现代非经典逻辑为龙树的推理建模

315
00:10:47,300 --> 00:10:49,500
一个两千年前的印度僧人

316
00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:52,133
启发了二十一世纪的数理逻辑前沿

317
00:10:52,566 --> 00:10:54,500
这不是东方神秘主义

318
00:10:54,533 --> 00:10:56,366
这是硬核的逻辑创新

319
00:10:57,066 --> 00:10:58,700
还有一个更深层的连接

320
00:10:59,633 --> 00:11:01,600
哥德尔不完备定理证明了

321
00:11:01,900 --> 00:11:03,900
任何足够复杂的形式系统

322
00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,700
都存在系统内部无法证明其真假的命题

323
00:11:08,133 --> 00:11:09,066
换句话说

324
00:11:09,500 --> 00:11:12,300
逻辑不可能用自己的规则完全描述自己

325
00:11:12,900 --> 00:11:14,766
你用逻辑去框定世界

326
00:11:15,066 --> 00:11:16,800
永远有一个你框不住的角落

327
00:11:17,466 --> 00:11:19,633
而龙树两千年前说的话

328
00:11:19,633 --> 00:11:21,266
翻译成现代语言就是

329
00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:25,200
任何概念框架都不可能完全捕捉实相

330
00:11:25,466 --> 00:11:27,333
不管你的框架有多精密

331
00:11:27,566 --> 00:11:30,766
实相总是会从概念的缝隙里漏出去

332
00:11:31,266 --> 00:11:33,366
哥德尔用数学证明了这件事

333
00:11:33,866 --> 00:11:36,766
龙树用四句否定体验了这件事

334
00:11:37,466 --> 00:11:39,066
两个人隔着两千年

335
00:11:39,333 --> 00:11:40,600
一个从数学出发

336
00:11:40,900 --> 00:11:42,233
一个从冥想出发

337
00:11:42,633 --> 00:11:44,266
最后撞到了同一面墙上

338
00:11:45,066 --> 00:11:46,400
那面墙就是

339
00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:49,733
思想永远无法完全包围思想之外的东西

340
00:11:50,533 --> 00:11:51,733
你用网去捞水

341
00:11:52,100 --> 00:11:53,200
不管网有多密

342
00:11:53,566 --> 00:11:55,066
水永远从网眼里流走

343
00:11:55,900 --> 00:11:57,033
但请注意

344
00:11:57,300 --> 00:11:59,333
龙树不是反逻辑主义者

345
00:11:59,933 --> 00:12:00,966
这一点太重要了

346
00:12:01,966 --> 00:12:03,433
他不是说逻辑没用

347
00:12:04,066 --> 00:12:07,100
他自己写中论用的全是严密的逻辑推理

348
00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:09,333
每一个论证环环相扣

349
00:12:10,233 --> 00:12:12,466
他是用逻辑来证明逻辑的边界

350
00:12:13,333 --> 00:12:15,333
他用概念来指出概念的局限

351
00:12:16,566 --> 00:12:17,700
这就像一把火

352
00:12:17,966 --> 00:12:19,766
把能烧的东西全烧完了

353
00:12:20,266 --> 00:12:21,600
最后把自己也烧掉了

354
00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:23,533
这把火不是破坏

355
00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:25,033
它是清场

356
00:12:25,433 --> 00:12:27,133
清掉所有遮挡之后

357
00:12:27,500 --> 00:12:30,433
你才能看见火焰背后一直在的那个东西

358
00:12:30,866 --> 00:12:34,166
你知道维特根斯坦在逻辑哲学论最后说了什么吗

359
00:12:34,566 --> 00:12:35,233
他说

360
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:36,800
凡是不可言说的

361
00:12:37,033 --> 00:12:38,066
我们必须沉默

362
00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:40,933
龙树比他早了一千七百年

363
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:43,100
而且龙树走得更远

364
00:12:43,733 --> 00:12:46,366
维特根斯坦说到沉默就停了

365
00:12:46,733 --> 00:12:49,200
龙树连沉默都不让你停

366
00:12:49,833 --> 00:12:52,433
因为一旦你把沉默当成一种立场

367
00:12:52,433 --> 00:12:54,200
当成一种高级的姿态

368
00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:56,300
你就已经在第四句里面了

369
00:12:56,433 --> 00:12:57,766
那有人会说

370
00:12:57,766 --> 00:12:59,600
你把所有路都堵死了

371
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:00,733
那还有路吗

372
00:13:01,033 --> 00:13:02,633
修行还有什么意义

373
00:13:03,066 --> 00:13:03,800
有路的

374
00:13:04,266 --> 00:13:06,433
但那条路不在概念里面

375
00:13:07,166 --> 00:13:10,166
四句否定的作用不是让你绝望

376
00:13:10,166 --> 00:13:12,933
而是让你的思维走投无路之后

377
00:13:12,966 --> 00:13:14,833
在那个没有出路的地方

378
00:13:14,866 --> 00:13:16,300
你突然发现

379
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:18,233
围墙本身就是幻觉

380
00:13:18,266 --> 00:13:20,100
不是你需要找一个出口

381
00:13:20,566 --> 00:13:24,100
而是你以为自己被困住了这件事本身

382
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:25,700
就是最大的幻觉

383
00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:28,466
困住你的从来不是现实

384
00:13:28,833 --> 00:13:30,533
是你关于现实的判断

385
00:13:31,166 --> 00:13:33,600
就像你不是被房间困住的

386
00:13:34,166 --> 00:13:37,100
你是被你以为只有一扇门困住的

387
00:13:38,233 --> 00:13:39,933
当你不再寻找门的时候

388
00:13:40,066 --> 00:13:41,066
你才注意到

389
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:43,200
这个房间其实没有墙

390
00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:46,366
上一期讲八不中道的时候我说过

391
00:13:46,366 --> 00:13:48,100
空不是一个东西

392
00:13:48,133 --> 00:13:49,800
空是一个清除

393
00:13:50,166 --> 00:13:53,166
四句否定就是清除的极致操作

394
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:56,266
它把你所有的概念拐杖全部抽掉

395
00:13:56,566 --> 00:13:58,066
不是为了让你摔倒

396
00:13:58,066 --> 00:13:59,300
而是让你发现

397
00:13:59,333 --> 00:14:01,166
你其实一直都站着

398
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:03,600
拐杖不是支撑你的

399
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,666
拐杖是让你以为你需要支撑的

400
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:08,500
佛学管这个叫

401
00:14:08,833 --> 00:14:09,833
言语道断

402
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:11,133
心行处灭

403
00:14:12,033 --> 00:14:13,300
语言的路断了

404
00:14:13,466 --> 00:14:15,133
心念的运行也停了

405
00:14:15,633 --> 00:14:17,066
不是你主动停的

406
00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:18,466
是路走完了

407
00:14:18,666 --> 00:14:19,666
自然就停了

408
00:14:20,333 --> 00:14:21,866
而就在那个停的瞬间

409
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:23,466
你所要找的东西

410
00:14:23,733 --> 00:14:25,366
其实一直就在那里

411
00:14:25,966 --> 00:14:27,233
它不需要被找到

412
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:29,266
因为它从来没有丢失过

413
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:31,600
我经常看到评论区有朋友问

414
00:14:31,666 --> 00:14:33,100
你说不要执着

415
00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:35,800
但不执着本身不也是一种执着吗

416
00:14:36,266 --> 00:14:38,933
这就是四句否定在日常生活里的版本

417
00:14:39,466 --> 00:14:40,233
答案是

418
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:41,200
对的

419
00:14:41,433 --> 00:14:43,066
你刻意去不执着

420
00:14:43,333 --> 00:14:45,466
那确实是一种更精致的执着

421
00:14:45,933 --> 00:14:50,300
但当你真正看透了执着和不执着都是概念游戏的时候

422
00:14:50,566 --> 00:14:51,933
你既不需要执着

423
00:14:52,100 --> 00:14:53,300
也不需要不执着

424
00:14:53,733 --> 00:14:54,800
你只是活着

425
00:14:54,966 --> 00:14:56,466
该做什么做什么

426
00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:58,533
这种状态没有名字

427
00:14:58,866 --> 00:15:00,933
一旦你给它起个名字叫开悟

428
00:15:01,333 --> 00:15:03,033
它就变成了第一句里的有

429
00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:06,433
这就是四句否定最后指向的地方

430
00:15:07,133 --> 00:15:08,033
不是虚无

431
00:15:08,133 --> 00:15:09,300
不是高深莫测

432
00:15:09,633 --> 00:15:11,466
而是一种极其平常的自由

433
00:15:12,133 --> 00:15:14,066
就像你不再失眠的那个早晨

434
00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:16,933
你根本说不清自己是怎么睡着的

435
00:15:17,366 --> 00:15:18,033
你只知道

436
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:19,700
你不再试图睡着了

437
00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:22,666
龙树的中论我们用两期拆完了

438
00:15:23,133 --> 00:15:24,333
上期讲八不中道

439
00:15:24,666 --> 00:15:26,066
这期讲四句否定

440
00:15:26,766 --> 00:15:27,833
一个拆外壳

441
00:15:28,033 --> 00:15:29,000
一个拆内核

442
00:15:29,666 --> 00:15:33,066
如果说八不中道是拆掉了事物的固有属性

443
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:37,600
那四句否定连拆这个动作本身的合法性都质疑了

444
00:15:38,133 --> 00:15:39,333
他不只是一个哲学家

445
00:15:40,233 --> 00:15:41,700
他是逻辑的终极黑客

446
00:15:42,166 --> 00:15:43,533
用系统自己的语言

447
00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:45,833
攻破了系统自身的防线

448
00:15:46,533 --> 00:15:48,900
你觉得四句否定是逻辑的终点

449
00:15:49,333 --> 00:15:51,333
还是逻辑自我觉醒的起点

450
00:15:51,866 --> 00:15:52,833
在你的生活里

451
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:56,233
有没有过那种什么答案都不是答案的时刻

452
00:15:56,666 --> 00:15:59,633
而你突然在无解中反而松了一口气

453
00:16:00,533 --> 00:16:01,333
我是王利杰

454
00:16:01,466 --> 00:16:02,400
我们下期见