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大乘起信论 说

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佛和你用的是同一颗心

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上一期我们聊完楞伽经

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留了一个问题

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如果把阿赖耶识上面所有的种子全部净化了

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所有的投射都停了

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剩下来的是什么

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楞伽经没有回答

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它只是指了一个方向

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今天这部论

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替它回答了

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哈喽

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大家好

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我是王利杰

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今天我们聊的这部论叫 大乘起信论

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注意

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它不是 经

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它是 论

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经是佛说的

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论是后人写的

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先说一件有意思的事

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这部论的作者

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传统标注的是马鸣菩萨

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一个公元二世纪的印度论师

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比龙树还早

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但是近代以来

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日本学者望月信亨最先提出质疑

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后来法国的戴密微 德国的李华德也做了大量考证

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发现这部论很可能不是印度人写的

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而是在中国本土产生的

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传说中真谛三藏在公元五百五十年翻译了梵文原本

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但梵文原本从来没有被找到过

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这件事在佛学界引起过不小的争论

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有人觉得

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如果它不是印度原产的

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权威性就打了折扣

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但我个人的看法恰恰相反

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一个思想说得对不对

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不取决于写它的人拿的是哪本护照

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数学定理不会因为发现者的国籍而改变真伪

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这部论在中国流传了将近一千五百年

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深刻影响了华严宗 禅宗 天台宗的理论根基

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法藏大师专门为它写了一部注疏

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如果它说得不对

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一千五百年的检验早就把它淘汰了

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所以我们今天不纠结作者是谁

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我们只看它到底说了什么

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它说的东西

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可以浓缩成四个字

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一心二门

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我先打一个比方

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你有没有在海边潜过水

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我有一次在冲绳

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刚从水面扎下去的那几秒

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我注意到一件事

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水面上面

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风浪很大

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海水一直在翻涌

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但我一沉下去

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大概三四米之后

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一切就安静了

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水还是同一片水

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但在上面是动的

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在下面是静的

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大乘起信论说

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你的心也是这样

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它是一颗心

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但它有两扇门

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第一扇叫 心真如门

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第二扇叫 心生灭门

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真如门说的是什么呢

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说的是你的心有一个面向

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它不生也不灭

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不增也不减

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不垢也不净

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不管你此刻是高兴还是痛苦

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不管你在冥想还是在刷手机

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那个面向一直在那里

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从来没有被损坏过

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你可以把它想成海的深处

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不管表面刮什么样的风暴

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三米以下的水从来没有真正动过

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这就是如来藏

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在这部论里最精炼的表达

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第二扇门

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心生灭门

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说的是你的心还有另一个面向

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这个面向在不停地变

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念头一个接一个地冒出来

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情绪像天气一样翻转

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你的好恶 判断 期待

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无时无刻不在生灭交替

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这个面向里住着我们的老朋友

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阿赖耶识

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如果你看过楞伽经那两期

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你会记得

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楞伽经说如来藏和阿赖耶识不是两个东西

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但它说得比较含蓄

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像是指着月亮说 你看那个方向

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大乘起信论做了一件更大胆的事情

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它直接把结构画出来了

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一颗心

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两扇门

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真如门和生灭门不是两颗不同的心

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不是一好一坏两个系统

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而是同一颗心的两个面向

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就像海面的波浪和海底的安静

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是同一片水

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我第一次读到这里的时候

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有一种很强烈的感觉

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之前在楞伽经里那些交织在一起的概念

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如来藏 阿赖耶识 觉与不觉

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像一团纠缠的线

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大乘起信论一把把它们摊开了

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变成了一张清清楚楚的地图

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我用一个现代的类比来说这件事

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你用过降噪耳机吧

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戴上耳机

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开启降噪

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周围的噪音消失了

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但噪音真的消失了吗

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没有

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噪音还在

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只是你听不到了

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你听到的是 安静

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那个安静不是什么都没有

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那个安静是耳机帮你过滤掉噪音之后剩下来的东西

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现在把这个比喻倒过来

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真如门就是那个安静 它一直在

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生灭门就是噪音

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念头 情绪 欲望 恐惧 一切心理活动

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你的日常经验之所以全是噪音

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不是因为安静不存在

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而是因为你从来没有 开启降噪

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修行

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就是学会按下那个按钮

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你问题可能来了

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如果真如一直在那里

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为什么我从来没感觉到

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为什么我满脑子都是念头

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这个问题大乘起信论用了一个词来回答

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不觉

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不觉不是说你蠢

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也不是说你修行不够

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不觉是一种结构性的遮蔽

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这部论讲了一个非常精细的过程

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它说

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在真如之上

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有一种最初的 动

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这个动叫做无明

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无明不是一个独立的力量来攻击你

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它就是真如自身在生灭门那一面呈现出来的动荡

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就像海水本身就会起波浪一样

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不需要一个外力去推它

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这个动一旦产生

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就像多米诺骨牌一样

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一环一环地展开

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大乘起信论把这个展开过程刻画得极其精细

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先是三个很微妙的变化

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论里叫 三细

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第一个叫业相

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就是那个最初的微动

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你甚至意识不到它的存在

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第二个叫转相

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就是那个微动变成了一种 看 的动作 有了主体

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有了一个 在看 的感觉

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第三个叫现相

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就是被看的对象出现了 有了客体

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有了一个 被看到 的世界

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你注意到了吗

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主体和客体不是同时出现的

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先有动

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再有看

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最后才有被看到的东西

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这跟我们日常的感觉完全相反

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我们总以为世界先在那里

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然后我去看它

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大乘起信论说不是这样的

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是你的 看 创造了 被看的东西

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这跟唯识学讲的见分和相分是同一个逻辑

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如果你看过我们之前解深密经和成唯识论的几期

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你会发现这里有一个非常清晰的呼应

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然后从这三个细微的变化里

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又生出六个更粗糙的层次

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论里叫 六粗

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从智相开始 你开始给看到的东西贴标签

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好的坏的 喜欢的讨厌的

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一直发展到造业受苦为止

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整个轮回的发动机

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就这样一步一步启动了

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有位观众之前问过我

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如果本来是佛

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如果真如本来就在

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那第一个迷惑是从哪来的

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这个问题我想了很久

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我一开始也觉得这是个逻辑漏洞

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后来我发现

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问题本身藏着一个隐含的假设

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你在假设一切事物必须有一个起点

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有开始就有原因

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有原因就有第一因

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但大乘起信论的回答是

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无始

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没有第一因

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你做梦的时候

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梦是什么时候开始的

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你能指出梦的第一帧吗

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当你醒过来回想

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你可以说 我做了一个梦

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但你永远没办法在时间线上找到那个启动的瞬间

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因为梦不是一个事件

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梦是一种状态

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你在那个状态里

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梦就存在

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你醒了

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梦就不存在了

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无明也是这样

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你不需要知道它什么时候开始

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你只需要知道怎么从这个状态里醒过来

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而醒过来的过程

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大乘起信论也画了一条非常清晰的路线

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它把 觉 分成了三个层次

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第一个叫本觉

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本觉就是真如门那边一直在的东西

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你不需要创造它

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也不可能丢失它

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它就像海底的安静

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不管浪多大

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它始终在那里

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第二个叫始觉

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始觉是你第一次透过波浪

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瞥见海底的那一刻

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可能是冥想中忽然念头断了几秒

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可能是某天傍晚你看着天边的云

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心里什么都没在想

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但你非常清楚地 在

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那种 在 不是思考

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00:08:45,850 --> 00:08:46,945
不是情绪

239
00:08:47,009 --> 00:08:48,985
只是很安静地存在着

240
00:08:49,330 --> 00:08:50,544
那就是始觉

241
00:08:51,697 --> 00:08:53,273
然后你继续练习

242
00:08:53,577 --> 00:08:55,633
每一次你在念头中醒来

243
00:08:55,778 --> 00:08:58,216
每一次你在情绪的浪头上站稳

244
00:08:58,217 --> 00:08:59,393
不被它卷走

245
00:08:59,617 --> 00:09:02,712
始觉和本觉之间的距离就近了一点

246
00:09:03,138 --> 00:09:03,852
直到有一天

247
00:09:04,337 --> 00:09:06,633
始觉和本觉完全融合

248
00:09:06,937 --> 00:09:08,212
那就是第三个层次

249
00:09:08,577 --> 00:09:09,513
究竟觉

250
00:09:10,018 --> 00:09:12,312
究竟觉不是获得了什么新东西

251
00:09:12,817 --> 00:09:16,352
它是你终于完全认出了那个一直在的东西

252
00:09:16,937 --> 00:09:18,852
像一个人在梦里转了很久

253
00:09:19,298 --> 00:09:20,352
忽然醒了

254
00:09:20,418 --> 00:09:22,913
发现自己从来没离开过那张床

255
00:09:24,029 --> 00:09:25,629
这三层觉的关系

256
00:09:25,630 --> 00:09:28,005
我可以用一个现代的比喻来说

257
00:09:28,549 --> 00:09:30,825
你有没有用过那种老式收音机

258
00:09:31,509 --> 00:09:32,264
旋钮一转

259
00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:33,845
满是噪声

260
00:09:34,189 --> 00:09:37,485
但你知道电台的信号一直在空气中

261
00:09:37,950 --> 00:09:41,044
本觉就是那个一直在广播的信号

262
00:09:41,389 --> 00:09:43,225
不管你有没有调到频道

263
00:09:43,590 --> 00:09:44,924
它都在发射

264
00:09:45,524 --> 00:09:48,899
始觉就是你第一次转到了正确的频率

265
00:09:49,085 --> 00:09:51,980
噪声里突然冒出来一段清晰的声音

266
00:09:52,284 --> 00:09:55,220
也许几秒之后又被杂讯淹没了

267
00:09:55,284 --> 00:09:57,899
但你知道了 那个频率是真的

268
00:09:58,404 --> 00:10:02,100
究竟觉就是你把天线调到了最佳位置

269
00:10:02,245 --> 00:10:03,699
噪声彻底消失

270
00:10:03,765 --> 00:10:05,299
信号清清楚楚

271
00:10:05,885 --> 00:10:06,600
信号没有变

272
00:10:06,965 --> 00:10:08,140
天线没有换

273
00:10:08,444 --> 00:10:10,179
只是噪声没了

274
00:10:10,954 --> 00:10:12,970
这里面有一层更深的意思

275
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大乘起信论说

276
00:10:14,875 --> 00:10:17,169
修行不是往心里加什么东西

277
00:10:17,434 --> 00:10:19,370
也不是把坏的部分切掉

278
00:10:19,635 --> 00:10:22,409
修行是让波浪慢慢平息下来

279
00:10:22,635 --> 00:10:24,289
海不需要被修理

280
00:10:24,395 --> 00:10:25,929
海只需要风停

281
00:10:26,478 --> 00:10:27,993
当风完全停下来的时候

282
00:10:28,398 --> 00:10:29,316
你会发现

283
00:10:29,317 --> 00:10:31,653
海面也变成了海底的样子

284
00:10:31,878 --> 00:10:32,633
波浪没了

285
00:10:32,797 --> 00:10:34,013
但水还在

286
00:10:34,278 --> 00:10:34,993
而那片水

287
00:10:35,317 --> 00:10:37,253
从头到尾都是同一片

288
00:10:37,717 --> 00:10:41,853
这就是 佛和你用的是同一颗心 这句话真正的意思

289
00:10:42,358 --> 00:10:45,452
不是说你潜力很大 修修就能成佛

290
00:10:45,717 --> 00:10:46,233
而是说

291
00:10:46,518 --> 00:10:48,733
你此刻正在用的这颗心

292
00:10:48,837 --> 00:10:50,253
它的真如面向

293
00:10:50,278 --> 00:10:51,353
和佛的那颗心

294
00:10:51,638 --> 00:10:53,013
没有任何差别

295
00:10:53,437 --> 00:10:55,733
差别只在于波浪的有无

296
00:10:56,401 --> 00:10:58,041
说到这里你就能理解

297
00:10:58,041 --> 00:11:01,936
为什么这部论在中国佛教里产生了如此巨大的影响力

298
00:11:02,242 --> 00:11:04,377
华严宗说一即一切

299
00:11:04,762 --> 00:11:06,656
一颗心包含一切法

300
00:11:06,762 --> 00:11:09,416
和一心二门是同一个底层结构

301
00:11:09,642 --> 00:11:11,357
禅宗说直指人心

302
00:11:11,602 --> 00:11:12,737
见性成佛

303
00:11:12,842 --> 00:11:14,377
你不需要到外面找

304
00:11:14,401 --> 00:11:16,401
因为佛性就是真如门

305
00:11:16,401 --> 00:11:17,816
你推开就好了

306
00:11:18,081 --> 00:11:20,296
天台宗说一念三千

307
00:11:20,522 --> 00:11:23,257
一个念头里包含三千种可能

308
00:11:23,401 --> 00:11:25,440
因为生灭门的每一个念头

309
00:11:25,441 --> 00:11:28,296
都长在真如门的无限基底之上

310
00:11:28,602 --> 00:11:31,456
一心二门就像一个底层操作系统

311
00:11:31,602 --> 00:11:35,336
这三个宗派各自在上面跑了不同的应用程序

312
00:11:35,950 --> 00:11:37,285
而且你仔细想想

313
00:11:37,389 --> 00:11:40,124
我们这个系列前面讲的唯识学

314
00:11:40,229 --> 00:11:42,604
在这张地图上也有它的位置

315
00:11:42,950 --> 00:11:47,224
唯识学花了大量篇幅去拆解生灭门那一侧的结构

316
00:11:47,709 --> 00:11:49,205
八识怎么运作

317
00:11:49,269 --> 00:11:50,604
种子怎么翻涌

318
00:11:50,709 --> 00:11:52,964
遍计所执怎么产生幻觉

319
00:11:53,269 --> 00:11:57,364
唯识学是把生灭门那一面拆到了极致精密

320
00:11:57,749 --> 00:11:59,665
而大乘起信论站得更高

321
00:11:59,989 --> 00:12:00,644
它说

322
00:12:00,749 --> 00:12:02,309
你拆完了那一面之后

323
00:12:02,310 --> 00:12:02,864
别忘了

324
00:12:03,070 --> 00:12:04,124
还有另一面

325
00:12:04,509 --> 00:12:06,045
那一面不需要拆

326
00:12:06,509 --> 00:12:08,285
那一面只需要看见

327
00:12:08,727 --> 00:12:10,903
最后我想说一个自己的体会

328
00:12:11,288 --> 00:12:12,163
我冥想的时候

329
00:12:12,687 --> 00:12:14,222
偶尔会有几秒钟

330
00:12:14,408 --> 00:12:15,242
念头停了

331
00:12:15,648 --> 00:12:16,903
但意识还在

332
00:12:17,288 --> 00:12:19,062
那种感觉很难描述

333
00:12:19,408 --> 00:12:20,122
不是空白

334
00:12:20,567 --> 00:12:21,582
不是睡着

335
00:12:21,888 --> 00:12:24,622
也不是什么光芒万丈的神秘体验

336
00:12:25,087 --> 00:12:26,183
只是安静

337
00:12:26,687 --> 00:12:28,362
像你站在水下三米处

338
00:12:28,768 --> 00:12:30,183
听不到风声了

339
00:12:31,371 --> 00:12:32,906
以前我不太当回事

340
00:12:33,131 --> 00:12:35,106
觉得那只是偶然的间隙

341
00:12:35,290 --> 00:12:37,305
过几秒又会被念头填满

342
00:12:37,731 --> 00:12:39,465
读了大乘起信论以后

343
00:12:39,570 --> 00:12:42,146
我开始换一个角度去看那几秒钟

344
00:12:42,570 --> 00:12:44,685
也许那不是一种偶然的 状态

345
00:12:45,251 --> 00:12:47,065
也许那是另一扇门

346
00:12:47,131 --> 00:12:48,866
偶尔被推开了一条缝

347
00:12:49,615 --> 00:12:51,391
你不需要相信这件事

348
00:12:51,615 --> 00:12:53,791
你只需要下次安静下来的时候

349
00:12:53,936 --> 00:12:57,455
留意一下 在念头和念头之间的那个间隙里

350
00:12:57,455 --> 00:12:59,750
有没有什么东西是一直在的

351
00:12:59,975 --> 00:13:01,010
如果你瞥见了

352
00:13:01,455 --> 00:13:02,911
不需要做任何事

353
00:13:03,296 --> 00:13:04,210
不需要抓住它

354
00:13:04,575 --> 00:13:05,830
不需要分析它

355
00:13:05,855 --> 00:13:07,350
不需要给它贴标签

356
00:13:07,816 --> 00:13:10,110
你只需要知道 那不是偶然

357
00:13:10,575 --> 00:13:11,811
那是你的另一扇门

358
00:13:12,296 --> 00:13:13,590
本来就在那里

359
00:13:14,131 --> 00:13:16,585
大乘起信论整部论的野心

360
00:13:16,610 --> 00:13:18,286
其实就是告诉你一件事

361
00:13:18,730 --> 00:13:20,026
你不缺什么

362
00:13:20,251 --> 00:13:21,046
你要找的东西

363
00:13:21,531 --> 00:13:23,146
从来没有离开过你

364
00:13:23,450 --> 00:13:24,485
它不在经书里

365
00:13:24,690 --> 00:13:25,769
不在寺庙里

366
00:13:25,771 --> 00:13:27,705
不在任何一个遥远的地方

367
00:13:28,131 --> 00:13:30,865
它就在你此刻正在用的这颗心里

368
00:13:31,171 --> 00:13:34,345
你只是一直从生灭那扇门进进出出

369
00:13:34,450 --> 00:13:36,506
忘了还有另一扇门可以推开

370
00:13:37,503 --> 00:13:38,018
下一期

371
00:13:38,304 --> 00:13:39,718
我们进入楞严经

372
00:13:40,103 --> 00:13:41,439
它会做两件事

373
00:13:41,563 --> 00:13:42,304
第一件

374
00:13:42,304 --> 00:13:46,559
它会把真如门里的风景展开给你看 七处征心

375
00:13:46,584 --> 00:13:48,039
告诉你心在哪里

376
00:13:48,183 --> 00:13:48,944
第二件

377
00:13:48,944 --> 00:13:52,598
它会给你一份清单 修行路上有五十种幻觉

378
00:13:52,664 --> 00:13:55,679
每一种都可能让你以为自己已经到了

379
00:13:55,944 --> 00:13:56,618
我是王利杰

380
00:13:56,903 --> 00:13:57,797
我们下期见